Trakya’daki Philippopolis ve Augusta Traiana’dan Geç 4. - Erken 5. Yüzyıla Tarihlenen Mozaik Döşemeler

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 15, 315 - 334, 09.11.2022

Ivo Topalilov

https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1143763

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu makale, Trakya’nın şimdiye kadar ortaya çıkarılmış Geç Antik Çağ’daki en önemli iki kenti Philippopolis ve Augusta Traiana’da 80’li yıllarda bulunan ve 4. yüzyıl ile 5. yüzyılın ilk yirmi yılına tarihlenen kamu binaları ile yarı resmi ve özel konutları süsleyen mozaik döşemeleri ele almaktadır. Bu, o zamana kadar farklı şekillerde gelişmiş, ancak bahsi geçen dönemde tam geometrik motif kullanımı ile karakterize olan her iki şehirde de mozaik gelişimi için çok önemli bir dönemdir. Trakya’daki özel mozaik döşemelere Tetrarşi döneminden itibaren rastlanılmasına rağmen, tam geometrik kompozisyon özel evlerin aulalarında geniş kabul görmemiştir ve gerçek amblemli veya sahte amblemli figürlü kompozisyonlarla karşılaşılmaktadır. I. Theodosius ve Arcadius döneminde Hristiyanlığın yeni imparatorluk ideolojisine dahil edilmesi ve Devlet ile Kilise arasında uyumun sağlanması, Hristiyan piskoposunun önemini yansıttığı gibi, aynı zamanda paganizm ve sanatı ile herhangi bir bağlantıdan kaçınmak için geometrik ögeler dışındaki diğer kompozisyon ve motiflerin aniden terk edilmesiyle her iki şehirde de mozaik sanatının üslup gelişimi etkilenmiştir. İncelenen örnekler, mütevazı renklere sahip, tam, ‘ortodoks’ geometrik kompozisyon ve motiflerin Hristiyan din adamlarının özel evlerine dağıtıldığını, birkaç özel sembolün dahil edildiği bu geometrik mozaiklerin - litürjik bir gereksinim olarak Hristiyan bazilikalarında, Hristiyanlık ile ilgili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Hiç şüphe yok ki, Hristiyan bazilikalarındaki mozaik döşemeler, 5. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren her iki şehirdeki seçkinlerin aulaelerinin mozaik döşeme süslemelerine ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Dolayısıyla resmi ve özel kültüre Hristiyanlık hakimdir. Sonuncusu ama en önemlisi de, belirli Hristiyan sembollerinin dahil edilmesiyle birlikte Hristiyan çağrışımı kazanan figürlü kompozisyonlardır. Bu çalışma, Geç Antik Çağ’da Trakya’daki siyasi sürecin gelişiminin incelenmesi için mozaik döşemelerin hala hafife alınan önemini ortaya koymakta ve başka yerlerde de kanıtlandığı gibi bunları belirli tarihsel olaylarla ilişkilendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hristiyanlık, geometrizasyon, mozaik döşeme, aula, palatium

The Late 4th - Early 5th c. Mosaic Pavements in Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana in Thrace

Öz

The present paper deals with the mosaic pavements that embellished the public buildings, semi-public and private houses between the 80s of 4th c. and the first two decades of 5th c. in the two most important cities in late antique province of Thrace - Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana that are unearthed so far. This was a period of great significance for the mosaic development in both cities which though developed in different way until that time, were now united with the use of the full geometrization. Although already entered in the private mosaic pavements in Thrace in the time of the Tetrarchy, the full geometric composition did not receive wide acceptance in the aulae of the private houses and the figural compositions with real emblema or pseudo-emblem are persistent. The inclusion of the Christianity into the new imperial ideology in the time of Theodosius I and Arcadius and the establishment of the symphonia between the State and Church reflected on the importance of the Christian bishop, but also impacted on the stylistic development of the mosaic art in both cities with the abrupt abandonment of any other compositions and motifs than the geometric in order to avoid any link with the paganism and its art. The examples studied reveal that the full, ‘orthodox’ geometric composition and motifs, with humble colouring, were distributed in the private houses of the Christian clergy, while these geometric mosaics with the inclusion of few specific symbols – in the Christian basilicas, related to the liturgical need. It is without any doubt that the mosaic pavements in the Christian basilicas inspired the mosaic pavement decoration of the aulae of the elites in both cities since the middle of 5th c. onward and therefore the Christianity dominating the official and private culture. At last, but not at least are the figural compositions that with the inclusion of specific Christian symbols gained Christian connotation. The present study reveals the still underestimated importance of the mosaic pavements for the study of the development of the political process in Thrace in the Late antiquity and link them with specific historical events as it is attested also elsewhere.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Christianity, geometrization, mosaic pavement, aula, palatium

Kaynakça

• Asimakopoulou-Atzaka 2017 P. Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, Syntagma ton palaiohristianikon psefdoton dapedon tes Ellados, III. Makedonia Thrake. 2. Ta Psifdota Dapeda tes Makedonias kai tes Thrakes (ektos Thessalonikes), Byzantina mnhmeia 18, Thessaloniki.
• Balty 1995 J. Balty, Mosaïques antiques du Proche-Orient, Chronologie, iconographie, Interprétation (Centre de Recherches d’Histoire Ancienne 140), Paris.
• Bospachieva - Kolarova 2014 M. Bospachieva - V. Kolarova, V. Plovdiv – grad varhu gradovete, Filipopol-Pulpudeva-Plavdiv, Sofia.
• Bospachieva 2003 M. Bospachieva, “The Late Antiquity Building EIRHNH with Mosaics from Philippopoilis (Plovdiv, Southern Bulgaria)”, Archaelogia Bulgarica 2, 83-105.
• Bozhinova - Stanev 2020 E. Bozhinova - K. Stanev, “Arheologicheski razkopki na ul. “Leonardo da Vinchi” № 13, Plovdiv”, Arheologicheski otkritia i razkopki prez 2019, Book 2, Sofia, 787-791.
• Bozhinova - Topalilov 2021 E. Bozhinova - I. Topalilov, “Arheologicheski razkopki na ul. “Leonardo da Vinchi” № 13, Plovdiv”, Arheologicheski otkritia i razkopki prez 2020, Sofia, 719-723.
• Caraher 2003 W. Caraher, Church, Society and the Sacred in Early Christian Greece, Dissertation submitted to the Ohio State University, Ohio.
• De Matteis 2004 L. M. De Matteis, Mosaici di Cos, Dagli scavi delle missioni italiane e tedesche (1900-1945), Monografie della scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente 17, Atene.
• Décor I C. Balmelle – M. Blanchard Lemée – J. Christophe – J.-P. Darmon – A.-M. Guimier Sorbets – H. Lavagne – R. Prudhomme – H. Stern, Le Décor géométrique de la mosaïque romaine I, Paris, 1985.
• Dinchev 2002 V. Dinchev, “Kam harakteristikata na predstavitelnata kasnoantichna arhitektura v Thracia i Dacia”, Annuary of the Institute of Archaeology with Museum 2, 206-241.
• Dinchev 2003 V. Dinchev, Kasnorimskata rezidentsiya Scretisca i rannovizantiiskoto selischte ΚΡΑΤΙΣΚΑΡΑ (Atheologicheskite prouchvaniya v m. Gradishteto kraz gr. Kostinbrod prez 1990-1994 g.), Razkopki i prouchvaniya 30, Sofia.
• Dinchev 2020 V. Dinchev, “Provintsialnite stolitsi na kasnoantichnite diotsezi Thacia i Dacia”, A. Stanev - Ts. Iotov (eds.) Natsionalna nauchna konferentsiya 90 godini muzeyat na Sofia, Serdika-Sredets-Sofia 8, Sofia, 206-231.
• Dintchev 2021 V. Dintchev, “Today’s Bulgarian Territory in Late Antiquity”, Annales Balcanici 1, 17–66.
• Ivanov 2012 R. Ivanov, “Augusta Traiana/Beroe”, R. Ivanov (ed.), Corpus of ancient and medieval settlements in modern Bulgaria, vol. 1. Roman cities in Bulgaria, Sofia, 467-491.
• Ivanov 2019 M. Ivanov, “Cat. № 7. Mosaic decoration of ‘Eirene’ building”, M. Ivanov - V. Katsarova (eds.), Taste for luxury, Roman mosaics from Bulgaria, Sofia, 79–89.
• Kalchev 1992 Kr. Kalchev, “Arheologicheski rezervat “Avgusta Traiana – Beroe”. Prouchvaniya i problem”, Sbornik materiali, posveteni na 85-godishninata na Istoricheskiya muzei v Stara Zagora, Stara Zagora, 49-69.
• Kalchev 2009 K. Kalchev, “Antichni mozaiki ot Avgusta Trayana-Beroe III-IV v.”, IzvMuzJužBalg 24, 69-100.
• Kamisheva - Karamanova-Zlatkova 2017 M. Kamisheva - R. Karamanova-Zlatkova, “Mosaic pavements in the thermae of Augusta Traiana (Preliminary report)”, Studia academica Šumenensia 4, 169-180.
• Kantareva-Decheva et al. 2021 E. Kantareva-Decheva - S. Stanev - D. Stanchev, “Novorazkriti mozaiki ot episkopskata bazilika na Filipopol (2019-2021)”, Godishnik na Akademiya za muzikalno, tantsovo i izobrazitelno izkustvo “Prof. Asen Diamandiev”, Plovdiv 2020, 23-34.
• Kesyakova 1989 E. Kesyakova, “Rannohristiyanska bazilika ot Filipopol”, IzvMuzJužBalg 4, 113–127.
• Kesyakova 2008 E. Kesyakova, “Aristokratichniyat dom na Filipopol”, E. Gencheva (ed.), Studia in honorem Aleksandrae Dimitrova-Milcheva, Yugoiztochna Evropa prez antichnostta, VІ v. pr. Hr. – nachaloto na VІІ v. sl. Hr., Sofia, 235-255.
• Kesyakova 2009 E. Kesyakova, “Mozaiki ot Rezidentsiyata na Filipopol”, Annuary of the Regional archaeological museum – Plovdiv 11, 137-162.
• Kesyakova et al. 2011 E. Kesyakova - St. Stanev - V. Grigorov - V. Dimitrov (eds.), Studies in honour of Stefan Boyadzhiev, Sofia, 173-209.
• Koranda 1990 Ch. Koranda, Römische Mosaiken in Bulgarien. Katalog der Denkmäler, Unpublished Manuskript, Wien.
• Koranda 1991/1992 Ch. Koranda, “Geometrische Gliederungsschemata frühchristlicher Mosaiken in Bulgarien”, ÖJh 61, 83–111.
• Nikolov - Buyukliev 1992 D. Nikolov - Hr. Buyukliev, “Rannohristiyanski kompleks v Avgusta Trayana”, IzvMuzJužBalg 15, 29-44.
• Pilinger 1991 R. Pilinger, “Grobnitsa s psalmov tekst ot Stara Zagora”, IzvMuzJužBalg 14, 59-63.
• Pillinger et al. 2016 R. Pillinger – A. Lirsch – V. Popova (Hrgs.), Corpus der spätantiken und frühchristlichen Mosaiken Bulgariens, Wien.
• Popova-Moroz 1987a V. Popova-Moroz, “Christian and Pagan Art of 4th C. in Bulgaria”, V. Gjuzelev – R. Pillinger (Hrgs.), Das Christentum in Bulgarien and auf der übrigen Balkanhalbinsel in der Spätantike und im frühen Mittealalter, Miscellanea Bulgarica 5, Wien, 261-278.
• Popova-Moroz 1987b V. Popova-Moroz, 24 Drevni mozaiki, Sofia.
• Popova 2016 V. Popova, “Fons Vitae in Late Antique monuments in Bulgaria”, Studia academica Šumenensia 3, 154–198.
• Popova 2017 V. Popova, “On the date and the interpretation of the complex at the Southwestern gate of Augusta Traiana/Beroe”, Studia academica Šumenensia 4, 57-96.
• Popova 2018 V. Popova “Liturgy and Mosaics: The Case Study of the Late Antique Monuments from Bulgaria”, M. Rakocija (ed.), Niš and Byzantium Symposium 16, Niš, 135-160.
• Popova 2021 V. Popova, “The personification of Eirene from the episcopal residence in Philippopolis/Plovdiv”, M. Rakocija (ed.), Niš and Byzantium Symposium 19, Niš, 299–324.
• Raynaud 1996 M.-P. Raynaud, “La composition en croix de U dans la mosaïque de pavement”, RA 1, 69-102.
• Sharankov 2015 N. Sharankov, “Za datata i myastoto na machenichestvoto na sveta Teodota ot “grada na Filip’, Bulgaria Mediaevalis 6, 17-26.
• Tankova 1980 V. Tankova, “Kasnoantichna mozaika ot Filipopol”, Archeologiya 2, 27-35.
• Topalilov 2016 I. Topalilov, “On the Syrian influence over the mosaics in Philippopolis, Thrace in 4th - 5th c.”, Hortus Artium Medievalium 22, 118-129.
• Topalilov 2018a I. Topalilov, “Varhu edin fenomen ot gradskiya zhivot v Trakiya prez IV v.”, Thracia 23, Thraco-Anatolica, Sbornik v chest na 65-godishninata na prof. Kalin Porozhannov, d-r, d.n., Sofia, 217-230.
• Topalilov 2018b I. Topalilov, “On the Eirene mosaic from Philippopolis, Thrace”, JMR 11, 273–285.
• Topalilov 2020 I. Topalilov, “The Mosaic Pavements in Philippopolis, Thrace, in 6th c. CE. Some Considerations”, JMR 13, 257-279.
• Topalilov 2021 I. Topalilov, “On Some Issues Related to the Christianisation of the Topography of Late Antique Philippopolis, Thrace”, Annales Balcanici, vol. 1, 107-158.
• Topalilov 2022 I. Topalilov, “The mosaic pavements in Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana from Constantine I till Theodosius I. A short review”, Cercetări Arheologice 29.1, 259-286.
• Valeva 1995 J. Valeva, “Geometric Mosaics from Bulgaria”, R. Ling (ed.), Fifth International colloquium on ancient mosaics held at Bath, England, JRA Supplementary series 9/2, 251-263.
• Valeva 2011 J. Valeva, “Elitna zhilishtna architectura i dekor v dioceza Trakija (IV-VII v)”, St. Stanev - V. Grigorov - V. Dimitrov (eds.), Studies in honour of Stefan Boyadzhiev, Sofia, 17-56.
• Yankov 1993 D. Yankov, “Hristiyansko kultovo stroitelstvo v Stara Zagora prez kasnata antichnost i srednovekovieto”, IzvMuzJužBalg 16, 139-153.