Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Effects of Mucilage on Macroalgae in the Çanakkale Strait

Yıl 2022, , 33 - 37, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1121163

Öz

Microalgal blooms occurred millions of years ago and continue to occur today. In the past, ecosystem dynamics caused these blooms, but climate change and other anthropogenic factors made blooms more intense and frequent today. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of bloom events (müsilaj in Turkish) on macroalgae in the Marmara Sea in 2021. In the strait of Çanakkale (Dardanelles), Karanlık Harbour, Sarısığlık, Özbekaltı and Yapıldak localities were investigated to a depth of 0-1 m between January and October of 2021. At the end of this study, common red, brown, and green algae species in the Dardanelles could not be observed between early May and early September in 2021. Cladophora laetevirens, Ulva linza, U. intestinalis, Gelidium crinale, Gongolaria barbata, and Corallina officinalis taxa were observed beginning mid-September in stations given above.Unless the current wastewater treatment technologies are improved and anthropogenic factors are reduced to environmentally safe levels, new and more intense harmful algal blooms or “mucilage” events are inevitable. The Marmara basin should be monitored constantly by a multidisciplinary committee and required measures should be taken quickly. Otherwise, the “mucilage” event of 2021 may be repeated in a larger area and much more intensely.

Kaynakça

  • Aktan, Y., Dede, A., & Çiftçi, P.S. (2008). Mucilage event associated with diatom and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News 36, 1-3.
  • Aysel, V., Şenkardeşler, A., Aysel, F., & Alpaslan, M. (2000). Çanakkale Boğazı (Marmara Denizi, Türkiye) deniz Florası, Marmara Denizi 2000 Sempozyumu, 11-12 Kasım 2000, İstanbul, TÜDAV 5: 436-449.
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmuş, T., & Balci, M. (2021). A Preliminary Study on the Intense Pelagic and Benthic Mucilage Phenomenon Observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4), 414-422. doi. 10.30897/ijegeo. 954787.
  • Dalyan, C., Kesici, N. B., & Yalgın, F. (2021). Preliminary study on cryptobenthic fish assemblages affected by the mucilage event in the northeastern Aegean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 202-213.
  • Danovaro, R., Fonda Umani, S., & Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate Change and the Potential Spreading of Marine Mucilage and Microbial Pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 4(9): e7006. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007006.
  • Demir, E.I., & Turkoglu, M. (2022). Temporal variations of phytoplankton community and their correlation with environmental factors in the coastal waters of the Çanakkale Strait in 2018. Oceanologia 64(1), 176-197. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.10.003.
  • Erduğan, H., Akı, C., Acar, O., Dural, B., & Aysel, V. (2009). New Record for the East Mediterranean, Dardanelles (Turkey) and its Distribution: Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 9(2), 231-232. doi : 10.4194/trjfas.2009.0217
  • Erduğan, H., Fırat, A.R., İrkin, L.C., Okudan, E.Ş., Akgül, R., Akgül, F., & Dural, B. (2019). Seasonal variation in epiphyte flora of the invasive species Codium fragile subsp. fragile on the Çanakkale Strait coast (Marmara Sea, Turkey). Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 25(1), 73-86.
  • Ergül, H.A., Aksan, S., & İpşi̇roğlu., M. (2018). Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea). Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(8): 91–101, doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1191-7.
  • Ergul, H.A., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, T., Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekci, F., & Canli, O. (2021). The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2): 232-257.
  • Gönülal, O. (2021). Sea water temperature in the North Aegean Sea (Gökçeada Island) between 1972 and 2018: an implication of global warming. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(1),24-33.
  • Güven, K.C., Saygı, N., & Öztürk, B. (1993). Surveys of metal contents of Bosphorus algae, Zostera marina. Botanica Marina 36(3), 175-178. doi.org/10.1515/botm.1993.36.3.175.
  • Güven, K.C., Okus, E., Topcuoglu, S., Esen, N., Kucukcezzar, R., Seddigh, E., & Kut, D. (1998). Heavy metal accumulation in algae and sediments of the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 67(3-4), 435–440. doi: 10.1080/02772249809358633.
  • Güven K.C., & Öztürk, B. (2005). Deniz Kirliliği. TÜDAV Yayınları.
  • Güven, K.C., Topçuoğlu, S., Balkıs, N., Ergül, H. A., & Aksu, A. (2007). Heavy metal concentrations in marine algae from the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Mèdit. 38. 226.
  • Hu, C., Qi, L., Xie, Y., Zhang, S., & Barnes, B.B. (2022). Spectral characteristics of sea snot reflectance observed from satellites: Implications for remote sensing of marine debris. Remote Sensing of Environment 269, 112842. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112842.
  • Kut, D., Topcuoğlu, S., Esen, N., Küçükcezzar, R., & Güven, K.C. (2000). Trace metals in marine algae samples from Bosphorus. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 118(1-2), 27-33. doi.org/10.1023/A:1005149500870.
  • Guiry, M.D., & Guiry, G.M. (2020). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 7 Haziran 2022.
  • Okudan, E.Ş., Dural, B., Erdugan, H., Aktan, Y., Demir, V., & Aysel, V. (2021). New record of the benthic marine mucilage aggregates Phaeocystis giraudii from Turkish Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 124-139.
  • Özalp, H.B. (2021). A preliminary assessment of the mass mortality of some benthic species due to the mucilage phenomenon of 2021 in the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles) and North Aegean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 154-166.
  • Öztürk, İ.D., Mutlu, S., Kaman, G., Bayram Partal, F., Demirtaş, A., Çağlar, S., Kuzyaka, E., Altıok, H., & Ediger, D. (2021). Vertical distribution of mucilage typology in the water column after a massive mucilage formation in the surface waters of the Sea of Marmara. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 184-201.
  • Savun-Hekimoglu, B., & Gazioglu, C. (2021). Mucilage problem in the semi-enclosed seas: recent outbreak in the sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4), 402–413. doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.955739.
  • Tas, S., Kus, D., & Yılmaz, I.N. (2020). Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science 21(3), 668-683. doi.org/10.12681/mms.22562.
  • Taşkın, E., Ozturk, M., & Wynne, M.J. (2006). First report of Microspongium globosum Reinke (Phaeophyceae, Myrionemataceae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Nova Hedwigia 82(1-2), 135-142.doi. 10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0082-0135
  • Taşkın, E. (2012). First report of the alien brown algae Scytosiphon dotyi MJ Wynne (Phaeophyceae, Scytosiphonaceae) in Turkey. Mediterranean Marine Science 13(1), 33-35. doi.org/10.12681/mms.21
  • Taşkın, E., & Pedersen, P.M. (2012). First report of the alien brown alga Botrytella parva (Takamatsu) H.-S. Kim (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Botanica Marina 55(5), 467-471. doi.org/10.1515/bot-2012-0108.
  • Topcuoğlu, S., Güven, K.C., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., Güngör, N., Ünlü, S., & Yılmaz, Y.Z. (2001). Heavy metal in marine algae from Şile in the Black Sea, 1994-1997. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 67(2), 288-294. doi:10.1007/s001280123.
  • Topcuoglu, S., Güven, K.C., Balkıs, N., & Kırbasoglu, C. (2003). Heavy metal monitoring of marine algae from the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1998–2000. Chemosphere 52(10), 1683–1688. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00301-1.
  • Topcuoğlu, S., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., & Yılmaz, Y.Z. (2004). Heavy metal levels in biota ve sediments in the northern coast of The Marmara Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 96(1-3), 183- 189. doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000031726.01364.47.
  • Topcuoğlu, S., Kılıç, Ö., Belivermiş, M., Ergül H.A., & Kalaycı, G. (2010). Use of marine algae as biological indicator of heavy metal pollution in Turkish marine environment. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 16(1):43-52.
  • Topçu, N.E., & Öztürk, B. (2021). The impact of the massive mucilage outbreak in the Sea of Marmara on gorgonians of Prince Islands: A qualitative assessment. of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 270-278.
  • Turkoglu, M., Unsal, M., Ismen, A., Mavili, S., Sever, T.M., Yenici, E., Kaya, S., & Coker, T. (2004). Dynamics of lower and high food chain of the Dardanelles and Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea), Tubitak Project Final Report, Report No: YDABÇAG-101Y081, Canakkale, Turkey, 313 pp.
  • Turkoglu, M. (2008). Synchronous blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and three dinoflagellates in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88(3), 433–441. doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408000866.
  • Turkoğlu, M. (2013). Red tides of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans associated with eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara (The Dardanelles, Turkey). Oceanologia 55(3), 709-732. doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-3.709.
  • Tüfekci, V., Balkis, N., Polat Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., & Mantikci, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology 34(2), 199-210. doi:10.3906/biy-0812-1.
  • Uflaz, E., Akyüz, E., Bolat, F., Bolat, P., & Arslan, Ö. (2021). Investigation of the effects of mucilage on maritime operation. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 140-153.
  • Ugurtas, S. (2021). Turkey struck by ’sea snot’ because of global heating. Guardian (2021-05-25). Retrieved 2021-06-29. https://www.theguardian.com/enviro nment/2021/may/25/turkey-struck-by-sea-snot-because-of-global-heating.
  • Üstünada, M., Erduğan, H., Yılmaz, S., Akgul, R., & Aysel, V. (2011a). Seasonal Concentrations of some Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) in Ulva rigida J. Agardh (Chlorophyta) from Dardanelles (Canakkale, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 177 (1-4), 337–342. doi 10.1007/s10661-010-1637-7.
  • Üstünada, M., Erduğan, H., Aysel, V., & Akgul, R. (2011b). Seasonal Concentrations of some Heavy Metals in Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot and Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh (Çanakkale strait, Turkey). Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 7(1): 5-17.
  • Yıldız, T., & Gönülal, O. (2021). Sea snot and its impacts on the fisheries in the Sea of Marmara and its adjacent waters. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 167-183.

Müsilajın Çanakkale Boğazı Makro Alglerine Etkisi

Yıl 2022, , 33 - 37, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1121163

Öz

Mikro-alg aşırı çoğalmaları milyonlarca yıl öncede oluşmuş, günümüzde de oluşmaya devam etmektedir. Önceleri ekosistemin kendi dinamikleriyle oluşan bu alg patlamaları günümüzde antropojenik ve iklim değişimleriyle daha sık ve yoğun yaşanılır hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışma 2021 yılında Marmara Denizi’nde yaşanan müsilaj olayının makro-alglere etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çanakkale Boğazı’nda Karanlık Liman, Sarı sığlık, Özbek altı ve Yapıldak altı kıyıları 0-1m derinliğinde Ocak 2021 - Ekim 2021 tarihleri arasında çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, Çanakkale Boğazı’nda her yıl gözlenen kırmızı, kahverengi ve yeşil alglere ait taksonlar 2021 Mayıs ayı başından Eylül ayı başına kadar gözlenmemiştir. Eylül ayı ortalarından itibaren belirlenen istasyonlarda sırasıyla Cladophora laetevirens, Ulva linza, U. intestinalis, Gelidium crinale, Gongolaria barbata, Corallina officinalis taksonları görülmeye başlanmıştır. Mevcut arıtma teknolojileri daha çevreci hale getirilmedikçe, antropojenik etki azaltılmadıkça musilaj ve zararlı alg patlamalarının daha yoğun olarak oluşması kaçınılmazdır. Marmara Havzası, multidisipliner bir koruma kurulu ile sürekli takip edilmeli ve gerekli tedbirler hızla alınmalıdır. Aksi takdirde 2021 yılında yaşanan musilaj olayı daha geniş alanda ve daha yoğun biçimde yaşanabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Aktan, Y., Dede, A., & Çiftçi, P.S. (2008). Mucilage event associated with diatom and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News 36, 1-3.
  • Aysel, V., Şenkardeşler, A., Aysel, F., & Alpaslan, M. (2000). Çanakkale Boğazı (Marmara Denizi, Türkiye) deniz Florası, Marmara Denizi 2000 Sempozyumu, 11-12 Kasım 2000, İstanbul, TÜDAV 5: 436-449.
  • Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmuş, T., & Balci, M. (2021). A Preliminary Study on the Intense Pelagic and Benthic Mucilage Phenomenon Observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4), 414-422. doi. 10.30897/ijegeo. 954787.
  • Dalyan, C., Kesici, N. B., & Yalgın, F. (2021). Preliminary study on cryptobenthic fish assemblages affected by the mucilage event in the northeastern Aegean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 202-213.
  • Danovaro, R., Fonda Umani, S., & Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate Change and the Potential Spreading of Marine Mucilage and Microbial Pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 4(9): e7006. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007006.
  • Demir, E.I., & Turkoglu, M. (2022). Temporal variations of phytoplankton community and their correlation with environmental factors in the coastal waters of the Çanakkale Strait in 2018. Oceanologia 64(1), 176-197. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.10.003.
  • Erduğan, H., Akı, C., Acar, O., Dural, B., & Aysel, V. (2009). New Record for the East Mediterranean, Dardanelles (Turkey) and its Distribution: Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 9(2), 231-232. doi : 10.4194/trjfas.2009.0217
  • Erduğan, H., Fırat, A.R., İrkin, L.C., Okudan, E.Ş., Akgül, R., Akgül, F., & Dural, B. (2019). Seasonal variation in epiphyte flora of the invasive species Codium fragile subsp. fragile on the Çanakkale Strait coast (Marmara Sea, Turkey). Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 25(1), 73-86.
  • Ergül, H.A., Aksan, S., & İpşi̇roğlu., M. (2018). Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea). Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(8): 91–101, doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1191-7.
  • Ergul, H.A., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, T., Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekci, F., & Canli, O. (2021). The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2): 232-257.
  • Gönülal, O. (2021). Sea water temperature in the North Aegean Sea (Gökçeada Island) between 1972 and 2018: an implication of global warming. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(1),24-33.
  • Güven, K.C., Saygı, N., & Öztürk, B. (1993). Surveys of metal contents of Bosphorus algae, Zostera marina. Botanica Marina 36(3), 175-178. doi.org/10.1515/botm.1993.36.3.175.
  • Güven, K.C., Okus, E., Topcuoglu, S., Esen, N., Kucukcezzar, R., Seddigh, E., & Kut, D. (1998). Heavy metal accumulation in algae and sediments of the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 67(3-4), 435–440. doi: 10.1080/02772249809358633.
  • Güven K.C., & Öztürk, B. (2005). Deniz Kirliliği. TÜDAV Yayınları.
  • Güven, K.C., Topçuoğlu, S., Balkıs, N., Ergül, H. A., & Aksu, A. (2007). Heavy metal concentrations in marine algae from the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Mèdit. 38. 226.
  • Hu, C., Qi, L., Xie, Y., Zhang, S., & Barnes, B.B. (2022). Spectral characteristics of sea snot reflectance observed from satellites: Implications for remote sensing of marine debris. Remote Sensing of Environment 269, 112842. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112842.
  • Kut, D., Topcuoğlu, S., Esen, N., Küçükcezzar, R., & Güven, K.C. (2000). Trace metals in marine algae samples from Bosphorus. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 118(1-2), 27-33. doi.org/10.1023/A:1005149500870.
  • Guiry, M.D., & Guiry, G.M. (2020). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 7 Haziran 2022.
  • Okudan, E.Ş., Dural, B., Erdugan, H., Aktan, Y., Demir, V., & Aysel, V. (2021). New record of the benthic marine mucilage aggregates Phaeocystis giraudii from Turkish Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 124-139.
  • Özalp, H.B. (2021). A preliminary assessment of the mass mortality of some benthic species due to the mucilage phenomenon of 2021 in the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles) and North Aegean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 154-166.
  • Öztürk, İ.D., Mutlu, S., Kaman, G., Bayram Partal, F., Demirtaş, A., Çağlar, S., Kuzyaka, E., Altıok, H., & Ediger, D. (2021). Vertical distribution of mucilage typology in the water column after a massive mucilage formation in the surface waters of the Sea of Marmara. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 184-201.
  • Savun-Hekimoglu, B., & Gazioglu, C. (2021). Mucilage problem in the semi-enclosed seas: recent outbreak in the sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4), 402–413. doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.955739.
  • Tas, S., Kus, D., & Yılmaz, I.N. (2020). Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science 21(3), 668-683. doi.org/10.12681/mms.22562.
  • Taşkın, E., Ozturk, M., & Wynne, M.J. (2006). First report of Microspongium globosum Reinke (Phaeophyceae, Myrionemataceae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Nova Hedwigia 82(1-2), 135-142.doi. 10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0082-0135
  • Taşkın, E. (2012). First report of the alien brown algae Scytosiphon dotyi MJ Wynne (Phaeophyceae, Scytosiphonaceae) in Turkey. Mediterranean Marine Science 13(1), 33-35. doi.org/10.12681/mms.21
  • Taşkın, E., & Pedersen, P.M. (2012). First report of the alien brown alga Botrytella parva (Takamatsu) H.-S. Kim (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Botanica Marina 55(5), 467-471. doi.org/10.1515/bot-2012-0108.
  • Topcuoğlu, S., Güven, K.C., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., Güngör, N., Ünlü, S., & Yılmaz, Y.Z. (2001). Heavy metal in marine algae from Şile in the Black Sea, 1994-1997. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 67(2), 288-294. doi:10.1007/s001280123.
  • Topcuoglu, S., Güven, K.C., Balkıs, N., & Kırbasoglu, C. (2003). Heavy metal monitoring of marine algae from the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1998–2000. Chemosphere 52(10), 1683–1688. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00301-1.
  • Topcuoğlu, S., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., & Yılmaz, Y.Z. (2004). Heavy metal levels in biota ve sediments in the northern coast of The Marmara Sea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 96(1-3), 183- 189. doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000031726.01364.47.
  • Topcuoğlu, S., Kılıç, Ö., Belivermiş, M., Ergül H.A., & Kalaycı, G. (2010). Use of marine algae as biological indicator of heavy metal pollution in Turkish marine environment. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 16(1):43-52.
  • Topçu, N.E., & Öztürk, B. (2021). The impact of the massive mucilage outbreak in the Sea of Marmara on gorgonians of Prince Islands: A qualitative assessment. of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 270-278.
  • Turkoglu, M., Unsal, M., Ismen, A., Mavili, S., Sever, T.M., Yenici, E., Kaya, S., & Coker, T. (2004). Dynamics of lower and high food chain of the Dardanelles and Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea), Tubitak Project Final Report, Report No: YDABÇAG-101Y081, Canakkale, Turkey, 313 pp.
  • Turkoglu, M. (2008). Synchronous blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and three dinoflagellates in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System) Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88(3), 433–441. doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408000866.
  • Turkoğlu, M. (2013). Red tides of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans associated with eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara (The Dardanelles, Turkey). Oceanologia 55(3), 709-732. doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-3.709.
  • Tüfekci, V., Balkis, N., Polat Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., & Mantikci, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology 34(2), 199-210. doi:10.3906/biy-0812-1.
  • Uflaz, E., Akyüz, E., Bolat, F., Bolat, P., & Arslan, Ö. (2021). Investigation of the effects of mucilage on maritime operation. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 140-153.
  • Ugurtas, S. (2021). Turkey struck by ’sea snot’ because of global heating. Guardian (2021-05-25). Retrieved 2021-06-29. https://www.theguardian.com/enviro nment/2021/may/25/turkey-struck-by-sea-snot-because-of-global-heating.
  • Üstünada, M., Erduğan, H., Yılmaz, S., Akgul, R., & Aysel, V. (2011a). Seasonal Concentrations of some Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) in Ulva rigida J. Agardh (Chlorophyta) from Dardanelles (Canakkale, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 177 (1-4), 337–342. doi 10.1007/s10661-010-1637-7.
  • Üstünada, M., Erduğan, H., Aysel, V., & Akgul, R. (2011b). Seasonal Concentrations of some Heavy Metals in Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot and Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh (Çanakkale strait, Turkey). Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 7(1): 5-17.
  • Yıldız, T., & Gönülal, O. (2021). Sea snot and its impacts on the fisheries in the Sea of Marmara and its adjacent waters. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 167-183.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Erduğan 0000-0002-7047-6640

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Erduğan, H. (2022). Müsilajın Çanakkale Boğazı Makro Alglerine Etkisi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 5(Special Issue), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1121163