Araştırma Makalesi
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Emission Estimation of Ship Traffic in the Dardanelles

Yıl 2022, , 80 - 85, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1134339

Öz

Ships, which form the backbone of world trade, are also a major source of pollutants. These pollutants can cause very important health problems, especially in areas with a high human population and in tourism areas. Therefore, detection and prevention of ship emissions must be considered, carefully. Dardanelles and Bosporus, known as the Turkish Straits, are one of the locations where the impact of ship emissions is felt the most as narrow and densely populated waterways. In this study, the data of the ships passing through the Dardanelles in 2020 were processed and the emissions generated by these ships were calculated as 545,373.3 t. Based on these data, the damages caused by these emissions to the environment and solutions were discussed. In addition, the potential effects of ship traffic on marine life are also discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Acciaro, Michele, and Gordon Wilmsmeier. 2015. “Energy Efficiency in Maritime Logistics Chains.” Research in Transportation Business and Management 17:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2015.11.002.
  • Allal, A. Ait, K. Mansouri, M. Youssfi, and M. Qbadou. 2019. Toward an Evaluation of Marine Fuels for a Clean and Efficient Autonomous Ship Propulsion Energy. Vol. 13.
  • Alver, Fatih, Betül Ayhan Saraç, and Ülkü Alver Şahin. 2018. “Estimating of Shipping Emissions in the Samsun Port from 2010 to 2015.” Atmospheric Pollution Research 9(5):822–28. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2018.02.003.
  • BAYIRHAN, İrşad, Kadir MERSİN, Aydın TOKUŞLU, and Cem GAZİOĞLU. 2019. “Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus).” International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 6(3):238–43. doi: 10.30897/ijegeo.641397.
  • Chen, Dongsheng, Yuehua Zhao, Peter Nelson, Yue Li, Xiaotong Wang, Ying Zhou, Jianlei Lang, and Xiurui Guo. 2016. “Estimating Ship Emissions Based on AIS Data for Port of Tianjin, China.” Atmospheric Environment 145:10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.086.
  • Chengfeng, Wang, John A. Callahan, and James J. Corbett. 2007. Geospatial Modeling of Ship Traffic and Air Emissions - ESRI UC2007 Paper.
  • Davidson, Ian C., Christopher Scianni, Mark S. Minton, and Gregory M. Ruiz. 2018. “A History of Ship Specialization and Consequences for Marine Invasions, Management and Policy.” Journal of Applied Ecology 55(4):1799–1811.
  • Deniz, Cengiz, and Yalçin Durmuşoǧlu. 2008. “Estimating Shipping Emissions in the Region of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey.” Science of the Total Environment 390(1):255–61. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.033.
  • Deniz, Cengiz, and Alper Kilic. 2010. “Estimation and Assessment of Shipping Emissions in the Region of Ambarli Port, Turkey.” Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy 29(1):107–15. doi: 10.1002/ep.10373.
  • Ekmekçioğlu, Araks, Kaan Ünlügençoğlu, and Uğur Buğra Çelebi. 2019. SHIP EMISSION ESTIMATION FOR IZMIR AND MERSIN INTERNATIONAL PORTS-TURKEY. Vol. 5. Yildiz Technical University Press.
  • Ekmekçioğlu, Araks, Kaan Ünlügençoğlu, and Uğur Buğra Çelebi. 2022. “Container Ship Emission Estimation Model for the Concept of Green Port in Turkey.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 236(2):504–18. doi: 10.1177/14750902211024453.
  • Erbe, Christine, Michael Dähne, Jonathan Gordon, Heike Herata, Dorian S. Houser, Sven Koschinski, Russell Leaper, Robert McCauley, Brian Miller, Mirjam Müller, Anita Murray, Julie N. Oswald, Amy R. Scholik-Schlomer, Max Schuster, Ilse C. van Opzeeland, and Vincent M. Janik. 2019. “Managing the Effects of Noise From Ship Traffic, Seismic Surveying and Construction on Marine Mammals in Antarctica.” Frontiers in Marine Science 6. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00647.
  • Eyring, V., Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Terje Berntsen, William J. Collins, James J. Corbett, Oyvind Endresen, Roy G. Grainger, Jana Moldanova, Hans Schlager, and David S. Stevenson. 2010. “Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: Shipping.” Atmospheric Environment 44(37):4735–71. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059.
  • Gibbs, David, Patrick Rigot-Muller, John Mangan, and Chandra Lalwani. 2014. “The Role of Sea Ports in End-to-End Maritime Transport Chain Emissions.” Energy Policy 64:337–48. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.024.
  • Guo, Mingyu, Zhenchao Fu, Degang Ma, Na Ji, Chunfeng Song, and Qingling Liu. 2015. “A Short Review of Treatment Methods of Marine Diesel Engine Exhaust Gases.” Pp. 938–43 in Procedia Engineering. Vol. 121. Elsevier Ltd.
  • Hassellöv, Ida Maja, David R. Turner, Axel Lauer, and James J. Corbett. 2013. “Shipping Contributes to Ocean Acidification.” Geophysical Research Letters 40(11):2731–36. doi: 10.1002/grl.50521.
  • IPCC. n.d. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2: Energy, Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion.
  • Isakson, J., T. A. Persson, and E. Selin Lindgren. 2001. Identification and Assessment of Ship Emissions and Their Effects in the Harbour of Göteborg, Sweden. Vol. 35.
  • Ivanova, Silviyav, Steven T. Kessel, Mario Espinoza, Montana F. Mclean, Caitlin O’neill, Justin Landry, Nigel E. Hussey, Rob Williams, Svein Vagle, and Aaron T. Fisk. 2019. Shipping Alters the Movement and Behavior of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida), a Keystone Fish in Arctic Marine Ecosystems.
  • Johnson, Derek R., Robert Heltzel, Andrew C. Nix, Nigel Clark, and Mahdi Darzi. 2017. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency of In-Use High Horsepower Diesel, Dual Fuel, and Natural Gas Engines for Unconventional Well Development.” Applied Energy 206:739–50. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.234.
  • Kesgin, Ugur, and Nurten Vardar. 2001. A Study on Exhaust Gas Emissions from Ships in Turkish Straits. Vol. 35.
  • Kuzu, S. Levent, Levent Bilgili, and Alper Kiliç. 2021. “Estimation and Dispersion Analysis of Shipping Emissions in Bandirma Port, Turkey.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 23(7):10288–308. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-01057-6.
  • Letschert, Jonas, Matthias Wolff, Lotta Clara Kluger, Christian Freudinger, John Ronquillo, and Inti Keith. 2021. “Uncovered Pathways: Modelling Dispersal Dynamics of Ship-Mediated Marine Introduced Species.” Journal of Applied Ecology 58(3):620–31. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13817.
  • Maimun, Adi, Mohammad Danil Arifin, Hendra Saputra, Jaswar Koto, and Mohammad Danil Arifin. 2013. Estimation And Distribution of Exhaust Ship Emission from Marine Traffic in The Straits of Malacca and Singapore Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data.
  • Marine Environment Protection Committe. n.d. Proposal to Designate the Mediterranean Sea, as a Whole, as an Emission Control Area for Sulphur Oxides.
  • Merico, Eva, Daniela Cesari, Elena Gregoris, Andrea Gambaro, Marco Cordella, and Daniele Contini. 2021. “Shipping and Air Quality in Italian Port Cities: State-of-the-Art Analysis of Available Results of Estimated Impacts.” Atmosphere 12(5).
  • Mersin, Kadir. 2020. “Review of Total Emission of Transit Ships in the Dardanelle Which Including Possible CO2 Emission of 1915 Canakkale Bridge.” Thermal Science 24. doi: 10.2298/TSCI20S1391M.
  • Micheli, Fiorenza, Benjamin S. Halpern, Shaun Walbridge, Saul Ciriaco, Francesco Ferretti, Simonetta Fraschetti, Rebecca Lewison, Leo Nykjaer, and Andrew A. Rosenberg. 2013. “Cumulative Human Impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Current Pressures and Opportunities.” PLoS ONE 8(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079889.
  • Misra, Atulya, Karthik Panchabikesan, Senthil Kumar Gowrishankar, Elayaperumal Ayyasamy, and Velraj Ramalingam. 2017. “GHG Emission Accounting and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in Conventional Port Activities–a Case of the Port of Chennai.” Carbon Management 8(1):45–56. doi: 10.1080/17583004.2016.1275815.
  • Moldanová, Jana, Erik Fridell, Andreas Petzold, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Zissis Samaras. 2005. Emission Factors for Shipping –Final Data for Use in Transphorm Emission Inventories.
  • Nunes, R. A. O., M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, F. G. Martins, and S. I. V. Sousa. 2017. “Assessment of Shipping Emissions on Four Ports of Portugal.” Environmental Pollution 231:1370–79. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.112.
  • Pirotta, Vanessa, Alana Grech, Ian D. Jonsen, William F. Laurance, and Robert G. Harcourt. 2019. “Consequences of Global Shipping Traffic for Marine Giants.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17(1):39–47.
  • Ruiz, Gregory M., Paul W. Fofonoff, Gail Ashton, Mark S. Minton, and And A. Whitman Miller. 2013. Geographic Variation in Marine Invasions among Large Estuaries: Effects of Ships and Time. Vol. 23.
  • Saraçoǧlu, Halil, Cengiz Deniz, and Alper Kiliç. 2013. “An Investigation on the Effects of Ship Sourced Emissions in Izmir Port, Turkey.” The Scientific World Journal 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/218324.
  • Schwemmer, Philipp, Bettina Mendel, and Stefan Garthe. 2011. “Effects of Ship Traffic on Seabirds in Offshore Waters: Implications for Marine Conservation and Spatial Planning.” doi: 10.2307/23023122.
  • Tokuslu, Aydin. 2021. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF SHIP EMISSIONS: CASE STUDY ON THE SAMSUN PORT. Vol. 20. Tzannatos Ernestos, E. 2010. “Ship Emissions and Their Externalities for Greece.” Atmospheric Environment 44(18):2194–2202. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.018.
  • Valera-Medina, A., F. Amer-Hatem, A. K. Azad, I. C. Dedoussi, M. de Joannon, R. X. Fernandes, P. Glarborg, H. Hashemi, X. He, S. Mashruk, J. McGowan, C. Mounaim-Rouselle, A. Ortiz-Prado, A. Ortiz-Valera, I. Rossetti, B. Shu, M. Yehia, H. Xiao, and M. Costa. 2021. “Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics.” Energy and Fuels 35(9):6964–7029.
  • Vu, Hoang Ngoc Khue, Quang Phuc Ha, Duc Hiep Nguyen, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen, Thoai Tam Nguyen, Thi Thuy Hang Nguyen, Ngoc Dang Tran, and Bang Quoc Ho. 2020. “Poor Air Quality and Its Association with Mortality in Ho Chi Minh City: Case Study.” Atmosphere 11(7). doi: 10.3390/atmos11070750.
  • Xue, Chengfeng, Yang Yang, Peipei Zhao, Dongyun Wei, Jianhua Gao, Peng Sun, Zhiyang Huang, and Jianjun Jia. 2021. “Impact of Ship Traffic on the Characteristics of Shelf Sediments: An Anthropocene Prospective.” Frontiers in Marine Science 8. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.678845.
  • Zhang, Chao, Zongbo Shi, Junri Zhao, Yan Zhang, Yang Yu, Yingchun Mu, Xiaohong Yao, Limin Feng, Fan Zhang, Yingjun Chen, Xiaohuan Liu, Jinhui Shi, and Huiwang Gao. 2021. “Impact of Air Emissions from Shipping on Marine Phytoplankton Growth.” Science of the Total Environment 769. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145488.
  • Zhao, Junxiong, Qifeng Wei, Shanshan Wang, and Xiulian Ren. 2021. “Progress of Ship Exhaust Gas Control Technology.” Science of the Total Environment 799.

Çanakkale Boğazı Gemi Trafiğinin Emisyon Tahmini

Yıl 2022, , 80 - 85, 28.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1134339

Öz

Dünya ticaretinin bel kemiğini oluşturan gemiler, aynı zamanda büyük kirletici kaynağıdır. Bu kirleticiler, özellikle insan nüfusunun yoğun olduğu bölgelerde ve turizm bölgelerinde çok önemli sağlık sorunlarına yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, gemi emisyonlarının tespiti ve önlenmesi dikkate alınması gereken çalışmalardır. Türk Boğazları olarak bilinen Çanakkale ve İstanbul Boğazları, dar, yoğun nüfuslu ve yoğun gemi trafiğine sahip su yolları olarak gemi emisyonlarının etkisinin en çok hissedildiği konumlardan birisidir. Bu çalışmada, Çanakkale Boğazı'ndan 2020 yılında geçen gemilere ait veriler işlenerek bu gemilerin oluşturduğu emisyonlar 545.373,3 t olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu verilerden yola çıkılarak, bu emisyonların çevreye verdikleri zararlar ve çözüm yolları üzerinde tartışılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, gemi trafiğinin deniz yaşamı üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri de tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Acciaro, Michele, and Gordon Wilmsmeier. 2015. “Energy Efficiency in Maritime Logistics Chains.” Research in Transportation Business and Management 17:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2015.11.002.
  • Allal, A. Ait, K. Mansouri, M. Youssfi, and M. Qbadou. 2019. Toward an Evaluation of Marine Fuels for a Clean and Efficient Autonomous Ship Propulsion Energy. Vol. 13.
  • Alver, Fatih, Betül Ayhan Saraç, and Ülkü Alver Şahin. 2018. “Estimating of Shipping Emissions in the Samsun Port from 2010 to 2015.” Atmospheric Pollution Research 9(5):822–28. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2018.02.003.
  • BAYIRHAN, İrşad, Kadir MERSİN, Aydın TOKUŞLU, and Cem GAZİOĞLU. 2019. “Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus).” International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 6(3):238–43. doi: 10.30897/ijegeo.641397.
  • Chen, Dongsheng, Yuehua Zhao, Peter Nelson, Yue Li, Xiaotong Wang, Ying Zhou, Jianlei Lang, and Xiurui Guo. 2016. “Estimating Ship Emissions Based on AIS Data for Port of Tianjin, China.” Atmospheric Environment 145:10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.086.
  • Chengfeng, Wang, John A. Callahan, and James J. Corbett. 2007. Geospatial Modeling of Ship Traffic and Air Emissions - ESRI UC2007 Paper.
  • Davidson, Ian C., Christopher Scianni, Mark S. Minton, and Gregory M. Ruiz. 2018. “A History of Ship Specialization and Consequences for Marine Invasions, Management and Policy.” Journal of Applied Ecology 55(4):1799–1811.
  • Deniz, Cengiz, and Yalçin Durmuşoǧlu. 2008. “Estimating Shipping Emissions in the Region of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey.” Science of the Total Environment 390(1):255–61. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.033.
  • Deniz, Cengiz, and Alper Kilic. 2010. “Estimation and Assessment of Shipping Emissions in the Region of Ambarli Port, Turkey.” Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy 29(1):107–15. doi: 10.1002/ep.10373.
  • Ekmekçioğlu, Araks, Kaan Ünlügençoğlu, and Uğur Buğra Çelebi. 2019. SHIP EMISSION ESTIMATION FOR IZMIR AND MERSIN INTERNATIONAL PORTS-TURKEY. Vol. 5. Yildiz Technical University Press.
  • Ekmekçioğlu, Araks, Kaan Ünlügençoğlu, and Uğur Buğra Çelebi. 2022. “Container Ship Emission Estimation Model for the Concept of Green Port in Turkey.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 236(2):504–18. doi: 10.1177/14750902211024453.
  • Erbe, Christine, Michael Dähne, Jonathan Gordon, Heike Herata, Dorian S. Houser, Sven Koschinski, Russell Leaper, Robert McCauley, Brian Miller, Mirjam Müller, Anita Murray, Julie N. Oswald, Amy R. Scholik-Schlomer, Max Schuster, Ilse C. van Opzeeland, and Vincent M. Janik. 2019. “Managing the Effects of Noise From Ship Traffic, Seismic Surveying and Construction on Marine Mammals in Antarctica.” Frontiers in Marine Science 6. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00647.
  • Eyring, V., Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Terje Berntsen, William J. Collins, James J. Corbett, Oyvind Endresen, Roy G. Grainger, Jana Moldanova, Hans Schlager, and David S. Stevenson. 2010. “Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: Shipping.” Atmospheric Environment 44(37):4735–71. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059.
  • Gibbs, David, Patrick Rigot-Muller, John Mangan, and Chandra Lalwani. 2014. “The Role of Sea Ports in End-to-End Maritime Transport Chain Emissions.” Energy Policy 64:337–48. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.024.
  • Guo, Mingyu, Zhenchao Fu, Degang Ma, Na Ji, Chunfeng Song, and Qingling Liu. 2015. “A Short Review of Treatment Methods of Marine Diesel Engine Exhaust Gases.” Pp. 938–43 in Procedia Engineering. Vol. 121. Elsevier Ltd.
  • Hassellöv, Ida Maja, David R. Turner, Axel Lauer, and James J. Corbett. 2013. “Shipping Contributes to Ocean Acidification.” Geophysical Research Letters 40(11):2731–36. doi: 10.1002/grl.50521.
  • IPCC. n.d. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2: Energy, Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion.
  • Isakson, J., T. A. Persson, and E. Selin Lindgren. 2001. Identification and Assessment of Ship Emissions and Their Effects in the Harbour of Göteborg, Sweden. Vol. 35.
  • Ivanova, Silviyav, Steven T. Kessel, Mario Espinoza, Montana F. Mclean, Caitlin O’neill, Justin Landry, Nigel E. Hussey, Rob Williams, Svein Vagle, and Aaron T. Fisk. 2019. Shipping Alters the Movement and Behavior of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida), a Keystone Fish in Arctic Marine Ecosystems.
  • Johnson, Derek R., Robert Heltzel, Andrew C. Nix, Nigel Clark, and Mahdi Darzi. 2017. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency of In-Use High Horsepower Diesel, Dual Fuel, and Natural Gas Engines for Unconventional Well Development.” Applied Energy 206:739–50. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.234.
  • Kesgin, Ugur, and Nurten Vardar. 2001. A Study on Exhaust Gas Emissions from Ships in Turkish Straits. Vol. 35.
  • Kuzu, S. Levent, Levent Bilgili, and Alper Kiliç. 2021. “Estimation and Dispersion Analysis of Shipping Emissions in Bandirma Port, Turkey.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 23(7):10288–308. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-01057-6.
  • Letschert, Jonas, Matthias Wolff, Lotta Clara Kluger, Christian Freudinger, John Ronquillo, and Inti Keith. 2021. “Uncovered Pathways: Modelling Dispersal Dynamics of Ship-Mediated Marine Introduced Species.” Journal of Applied Ecology 58(3):620–31. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13817.
  • Maimun, Adi, Mohammad Danil Arifin, Hendra Saputra, Jaswar Koto, and Mohammad Danil Arifin. 2013. Estimation And Distribution of Exhaust Ship Emission from Marine Traffic in The Straits of Malacca and Singapore Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data.
  • Marine Environment Protection Committe. n.d. Proposal to Designate the Mediterranean Sea, as a Whole, as an Emission Control Area for Sulphur Oxides.
  • Merico, Eva, Daniela Cesari, Elena Gregoris, Andrea Gambaro, Marco Cordella, and Daniele Contini. 2021. “Shipping and Air Quality in Italian Port Cities: State-of-the-Art Analysis of Available Results of Estimated Impacts.” Atmosphere 12(5).
  • Mersin, Kadir. 2020. “Review of Total Emission of Transit Ships in the Dardanelle Which Including Possible CO2 Emission of 1915 Canakkale Bridge.” Thermal Science 24. doi: 10.2298/TSCI20S1391M.
  • Micheli, Fiorenza, Benjamin S. Halpern, Shaun Walbridge, Saul Ciriaco, Francesco Ferretti, Simonetta Fraschetti, Rebecca Lewison, Leo Nykjaer, and Andrew A. Rosenberg. 2013. “Cumulative Human Impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Current Pressures and Opportunities.” PLoS ONE 8(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079889.
  • Misra, Atulya, Karthik Panchabikesan, Senthil Kumar Gowrishankar, Elayaperumal Ayyasamy, and Velraj Ramalingam. 2017. “GHG Emission Accounting and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in Conventional Port Activities–a Case of the Port of Chennai.” Carbon Management 8(1):45–56. doi: 10.1080/17583004.2016.1275815.
  • Moldanová, Jana, Erik Fridell, Andreas Petzold, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Zissis Samaras. 2005. Emission Factors for Shipping –Final Data for Use in Transphorm Emission Inventories.
  • Nunes, R. A. O., M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, F. G. Martins, and S. I. V. Sousa. 2017. “Assessment of Shipping Emissions on Four Ports of Portugal.” Environmental Pollution 231:1370–79. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.112.
  • Pirotta, Vanessa, Alana Grech, Ian D. Jonsen, William F. Laurance, and Robert G. Harcourt. 2019. “Consequences of Global Shipping Traffic for Marine Giants.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17(1):39–47.
  • Ruiz, Gregory M., Paul W. Fofonoff, Gail Ashton, Mark S. Minton, and And A. Whitman Miller. 2013. Geographic Variation in Marine Invasions among Large Estuaries: Effects of Ships and Time. Vol. 23.
  • Saraçoǧlu, Halil, Cengiz Deniz, and Alper Kiliç. 2013. “An Investigation on the Effects of Ship Sourced Emissions in Izmir Port, Turkey.” The Scientific World Journal 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/218324.
  • Schwemmer, Philipp, Bettina Mendel, and Stefan Garthe. 2011. “Effects of Ship Traffic on Seabirds in Offshore Waters: Implications for Marine Conservation and Spatial Planning.” doi: 10.2307/23023122.
  • Tokuslu, Aydin. 2021. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF SHIP EMISSIONS: CASE STUDY ON THE SAMSUN PORT. Vol. 20. Tzannatos Ernestos, E. 2010. “Ship Emissions and Their Externalities for Greece.” Atmospheric Environment 44(18):2194–2202. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.018.
  • Valera-Medina, A., F. Amer-Hatem, A. K. Azad, I. C. Dedoussi, M. de Joannon, R. X. Fernandes, P. Glarborg, H. Hashemi, X. He, S. Mashruk, J. McGowan, C. Mounaim-Rouselle, A. Ortiz-Prado, A. Ortiz-Valera, I. Rossetti, B. Shu, M. Yehia, H. Xiao, and M. Costa. 2021. “Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics.” Energy and Fuels 35(9):6964–7029.
  • Vu, Hoang Ngoc Khue, Quang Phuc Ha, Duc Hiep Nguyen, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen, Thoai Tam Nguyen, Thi Thuy Hang Nguyen, Ngoc Dang Tran, and Bang Quoc Ho. 2020. “Poor Air Quality and Its Association with Mortality in Ho Chi Minh City: Case Study.” Atmosphere 11(7). doi: 10.3390/atmos11070750.
  • Xue, Chengfeng, Yang Yang, Peipei Zhao, Dongyun Wei, Jianhua Gao, Peng Sun, Zhiyang Huang, and Jianjun Jia. 2021. “Impact of Ship Traffic on the Characteristics of Shelf Sediments: An Anthropocene Prospective.” Frontiers in Marine Science 8. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.678845.
  • Zhang, Chao, Zongbo Shi, Junri Zhao, Yan Zhang, Yang Yu, Yingchun Mu, Xiaohong Yao, Limin Feng, Fan Zhang, Yingjun Chen, Xiaohuan Liu, Jinhui Shi, and Huiwang Gao. 2021. “Impact of Air Emissions from Shipping on Marine Phytoplankton Growth.” Science of the Total Environment 769. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145488.
  • Zhao, Junxiong, Qifeng Wei, Shanshan Wang, and Xiulian Ren. 2021. “Progress of Ship Exhaust Gas Control Technology.” Science of the Total Environment 799.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Arif Savaş 0000-0002-1509-5183

Levent Bilgili 0000-0001-9431-5289

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Savaş, A., & Bilgili, L. (2022). Emission Estimation of Ship Traffic in the Dardanelles. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 5(Special Issue), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1134339