Seyhan Baraj Gölü, Adana, Türkiye’de Sudak Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Avcılığında Kullanılan Farklı İğne Tiplerinin Yakala Bırak Sonrası Ölüm Oranı ve Av Verimi Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, J tipi ve çember iğne tiplerinin sudak (Sander lucioperca) türünde yakala-bırak sonrası hayatta kalma oranı ve av verimliliği üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Balıkçılık denemelerinde, boyları 21–60 cm arasında değişen toplam 56 sudak bireyi yakalanmış ve ölüm oranları, iğne tipi ile takılma konumuna göre (derin ve sığ takılma) değerlendirilmiştir. Bireylerin yakalandığı su sıcaklığı 21°C ile 32°C arasında değişmiştir. Bulgular, hem J tipi hem de çember iğnelerde derin takılmanın sığ takılmaya kıyasla daha yüksek ölüm oranlarına yol açtığını göstermiştir. Özellikle çember iğneyle derin takılan bireylerde ölüm oranı %100’e yakın bulunmuştur. J tipi iğnelerde bu oran daha düşük olmakla birlikte halen yüksektir (%83,33). Sığ takılmalarda ise her iki iğne tipinde ölüm oranları daha düşük bulunmuştur (Çember: %25, J tipi: %6,6). Lojistik regresyon analizinde, sığ takılmanın hayatta kalma olasılığını anlamlı biçimde artırdığı gösterilmiş (p<0,001), ancak iğne tipinin hayatta kalma üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0,05). Ayrıca, balık boyu ve su sıcaklığı gibi parametrelerin ölüm oranını etkileyen faktörler olmadığı saptanmıştır (p>0,05). Av verimliliği (CPUE) açısından iğne tipleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir (p>0,05). Mevsimsel olarak ilkbahar aylarında yaz aylarına kıyasla av verimliliği anlamlı biçimde daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yakala-bırak balıkçılığı
• Rekreasyonel balıkçılık
• İğnenin takılma konumu
• Çember iğne
• J iğne
• ölüm oranı

Effects of Different Hook Types on Post-Release Mortality and Catch Efficiency of Pikeperch Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) in Seyhan Dam Lake, Adana, Türkiye

Öz

This study investigated the effects of J and circle hook types on post-release mortality and catch efficiency of pikeperch in catch and release fishing. In fishing trials, a total of 56 pikeperch, ranging in size from 21 to 60 cm, were caught, and mortality rates were examined based on the hook type and the hooking location (deep or shallow in where the hooks were found inside the mouth). The water temperature at which the individuals were caught ranged from 21 °C to 32 °C. The results obtained showed that deep hooking caused higher mortality rates than shallow hooking for both hook types. Especially in deep hooking individuals with circle hooks, the mortality rate was close to 100%. Although the mortality rate was also high in deep hooking fishing with J-hooks, it was lower than that of circle hooks (83.33%). The mortality rates were lower for both hook types in shallow hooking (Circle: 25%, J: 6.6%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that while shallow hooking significantly increased the probability of survival (p<0.001), hook type had no significant effect (p>0.05). Furthermore, fish size and water temperature were not found to be parameters affecting mortality rate in this study (p>0.05). In terms of catch efficiency (CPUE), no statistically significant difference was found between the hook types (p>0.05). Seasonally, catch efficiency was found to be significantly higher in spring compared to summer months (p<0.05).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Catch and release
• recreational fisheries
• hooking location
• circle hook
• J hook
• mortality rate

Kaynakça

1. Aalbers, S. A., Stutzer, Greg M., & and Drawbridge, M. A. (2004). The Effects of Catch-and-Release Angling on the Growth and Survival of Juvenile White Seabass Captured on Offset Circle and J-Type Hooks. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 24(3), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-034.1
2. Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In B. N. Petrov & F. Csáki (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory (267-281). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
3. Akman, K. (2022). Seyhan Baraj Gölü’nde Dağılım Gösteren Sudak (Sander lucioperca)’ ın Bazı Biyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi [Master’s Thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
4. Alós, J. (2008). Influence of anatomical hooking depth, capture depth, and venting on mortality of painted comber (Serranus scriba) released by recreational anglers. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65(9), 1620-1625. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn151
5. Arlinghaus, R., Cooke, S. J., Lyman, J., Policansky, D., Schwab, A., Suski, C., ... & Thorstad, E. B. (2007). Understanding the complexity of catch-and-release in recreational fishing: an integrative synthesis of global knowledge from historical, ethical, social, and biological perspectives. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 15(1-2), 75-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260601149432
6. Bartholomew, A., & Bohnsack, J. A. (2005). A review of catch-and-release angling mortality with implications for no-take reserves. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15, 129-154.
7. Bergmann, C., Driggers III, W. B., Hoffmayer, E. R., Campbell, M. D., & Pellegrin, G. (2014). Effects of appendaged circle hook use on catch rates and deep hooking of black sea bass in a recreational fishery. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 34(6), 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2014.956160
8. Burns, A. G., & Kerstetter, D. W. (2022). A comparison of circle and J hook performance within the Grenadian pelagic longline fishery. Caribbean Journal of Science, 52(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v52i2.a6

9. Cooke, S. J., Barthel, B. L., & Suski, C. D. (2003). Effects of hook type on injury and capture efficiency of rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris, angled in south-eastern Ontario. Fisheries Management & Ecology, 10(4).
10. Cooke, S. J., & Cowx, I. G. (2004). The role of recreational fishing in global fish crises. BioScience, 54(9), 857-859. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0857:TRORFI]2.0.CO;2
11. Cooke, S. J., Donaldson, M. R., O'connor, C. M., Raby, G. D., Arlinghaus, R., Danylchuk, A. J., & Suski, C. D. (2013). The physiological consequences of catch‐and‐release angling: perspectives on experimental design, interpretation, extrapolation and relevance to stakeholders. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 20(2-3), 268-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2012.00867.x
12. Cooke, S. J., Philipp, D. P., Dunmall, K. M., & Schreer, J. F. (2001). The influence of terminal tackle on injury, handling time, and cardiac disturbance of rock bass. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 21(2), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0333:TIOTTO>2.0.CO;2
13. Cooke, S. J., & Schramm, H. L. (2007). Catch‐and‐release science and its application to conservation and management of recreational fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00527.x
14. Cooke, S. J., & Suski, C. D. (2004). Are circle hooks an effective tool for conserving marine and freshwater recreational catch‐and‐release fisheries?. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14(3), 299-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.614
15. Cooke, S. J., Suski, C. D., Barthel, B. L., Ostrand, K. G., Tufts, B. L., & Philipp, D. P. (2003). Injury and mortality induced by four hook types on bluegill and pumpkinseed. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 23(3), 883-893. https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-096
16. Dag, O., Dolgun, A., & Konar, N. M. (2018). onewaytests: An R Package for One-Way Tests in Independent Groups Designs. The R Journal, 10(1), 175-199.
17. Diodati, P. J., & Richards, R. A. (1996). Mortality of striped bass hooked and released in salt water. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 125(2), 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0300:MOSBHA>2.3.CO;2
18. Dörner, H., Hülsmann, S., Hölker, F., Skov, C., & Wagner, A. (2007). Size‐dependent predator–prey relationships between pikeperch and their prey fish. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 16(3), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00223.x
19. DuBois, R. B., & Pleski, J. M. (2007). Hook shedding and mortality of deeply hooked brook trout caught with bait on barbed and barbless hooks. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 27(4), 1203-1207. https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-276.1
20. Falk, M. R., & Gillman, D. V. (1975). Mortality data for angled Arctic grayling and northern pike from the Great Slave Lake area, Northwest Territories. Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Fisheries Operations, Directorate, Central Region, 1975.
21. Falterman, B., Graves, J. E., Lucy, J. A., & Studholme, A. L. (2002). Catch and release in marine recreational fisheries. Journal of Marine Biology and Ecology, 281(1-2), 1-15.
22. Grover, A. M., Mohr, M. S., & Palmer-Zwahlen, M. L. (2002). Hook-and-release mortality of Chinook salmon from drift mooching with circle hooks: management implications for California's ocean sport fishery. In American Fisheries Society Symposium (pp. 39-56). American Fisheries Society.
23. Kerstetter, D. W., & Graves, J. E. (2006). Effects of circle versus J-style hooks on target and non-target species in a pelagic longline fishery. Fisheries research, 80(2-3), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.03.032
24. Kuhn, M., Wing, J., Weston, S., Williams, A., Keefer, C., Engelhardt, A., ... & Team, R. C. (2020). Package ‘caret’. The R Journal, 223(7), 48.
25. Lloret, J., & Font, T. (2013). A comparative analysis between recreational and artisanal fisheries in a Mediterranean coastal area. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 20(2-3), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2012.00868.x
26. Løkkeborg, S., & Bjordal, Å. (1992). Species and size selectivity in longline fishing: a review. Fisheries Research, 13(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(92)90084-7
27. Løkkeborg, S., Siikavuopio, S. I., Humborstad, O. B., Utne-Palm, A. C., & Ferter, K. (2014). Towards more efficient longline fisheries: fish feeding behaviour, bait characteristics and development of alternative baits. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 24, 985-1003.
28. Lukacovic, R. (2000). Hooking mortality of deep and shallow hooked striped bass under different environmental conditions in Chesapeake Bay. Stock assessment of selected resident and migratory recreational finfish species within Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration, Report F-54-R, Baltimore.
29. Lukacovic, R., & Uphoff, J. H. (2002). Hook location, fish size, and season as factors influencing catch-and-release mortality of striped bass caught with bait in Chesapeake Bay. In American Fisheries Society Symposium (pp. 97-100). American Fisheries Society.
30. Malchoff, M. H., Gearhart, J., Lucy, J., & Sullivan, P. J. (2002). The influence of hook type, hook wound location, and other variables associated with post catch-and-release mortality in the US summer flounder recreational fishery. In American Fisheries Society Symposium (pp. 101-105). American Fisheries Society.
31. M’Hetli, M., Ben Khemis, I., Hamza, N., Turki, B., & Turki, O. (2011). Allometric growth and reproductive biology traits of pikeperch Sander lucioperca at the southern edge of its range. Journal of Fish Biology, 78(2), 567-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02878.
32. Muoneke, M. I., & Childress, W. M. (1994). Hooking mortality: a review for recreational fisheries. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 2(2), 123-156.
33. Ozyurt, C.E. ve Avşar, D. 2002. Seyhan Baraj Gölü’ndeki (Adana) Sudakların (Sander lucioperca Bogustkaya & Naseka, 1996) Bazı Biyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi Cilt/Volume 19 (Sayı/Issue (1-2)), 77 – 84.
34. Özyurt, C. E., Mavruk, S., & Kiyağa, V. B. (2012). Effects of predator size and gonad maturation on food preference and feeding intensity of Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12(2), 315-322. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v12_2_17
35. Pacheco, J. C., Kerstetter, D. W., Hazin, F. H., Hazin, H., Segundo, R., Graves, J. E., Carvalho, F., & Travassos, P. E. (2011). A comparison of circle hook and J hook performance in a western equatorial Atlantic Ocean pelagic longline fishery. Fisheries Research, 107(1-3), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2010.10.003
36. Pelzman, R. J. (1978). Hooking mortality of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. California Fish and Game, 64(3), 185-188.
37. Popova, O. A., & Sytina, L. A. (1977). Food and feeding relations of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) in various waters of the USSR. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 34(10), 1559-1570. https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-219
38. Rantanen, L. (2018). Kuhan (Sander lucioperca) selviäminen pyyntitapahtumasta kesäjaksolla: Catch & Release─ kalastus.
39. R Core Team. (2023). *R: A language and environment for statistical computing*. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
40. Sell, M. T., Kazyak, D. C., Hilderbrand, R. H., Heft, A. A., & Cooper, R. M. (2016). A Comparison of Circle Hook Size on Hooking Success, Deep Hooking Rate, and Post release Mortality of Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 36(2), 254-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1120832
41. Skomal, G. B., Chase, B. C., & Prince, E. D. (2002). A comparison of circle hook and straight hook performance in recreational fisheries for juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna. In American Fisheries Society Symposium (pp. 57-65). American Fisheries Society.
42. Smith, P. A., Leah, R. T., & Eaton, J. W. (1996). Removal of pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) from a British Canal as a management technique to reduce impact on prey fish populations. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 33(3/4), 537-545.
43. Taylor, M. J., & White, K. R. (1992). A meta‐analysis of hooking mortality of no anadromous trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12(4), 760-767. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0760:AMAOHM>2.3.CO;2
44. Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
45. Zimmerman, S. R., Bochenek, E. A., Lucy, J. A., & Studholme, A. L. (2002). Catch and release in marine recreational fisheries. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 30, Bethesda, Maryland.
46. Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., & Smith, G. M. (2007). Analyzing ecological data. New York: Springer. doi:10.1198/016214508000000715