Assessment of Potentially Toxic Element Pollution in Tributaries of Mogan Lake, Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 102 - 115, 27.12.2023

Serap Pulatsü , Dijar Latifi

https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1328808

Öz

In this study, four tributaries (Başpınar, Gölcük, Sukesen and Yavrucak Creeks) of Mogan lake under anthropogenic pressure and declared as a Special Environmental Protection Area were investigated with the following goals: a) Determination of the variations in potentially toxic element concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in the creek waters between different months (December 2002, February 2023, April 2023), b) Calculation of potentially toxic elements indexes (Heavy Metal Pollution Index-HPI and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index-HEI) in terms of irrigation water quality, based on international and national values, c) Determination of the potential ecological risk (PER) status of the creeks in terms of irrigation water quality, d) Comparison of potentially toxic element concentrations with the environmental quality standard values specified in the current “Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation”. According to the findings; a) In terms of overall potentially toxic element levels, the creeks are ranked as follows: Başpınar Creek> Sukesen Creek>Gölcük Creek>Yavrucak Creek. The heavy metal As was identified as having the highest contribution to metal pollution and the potentially toxic element concentrations in all creeks in February and April were found to be higher compared to that in December, b) The HPI value was found to be less than 15 for all months and creeks, with the highest HPI value of 13.21 calculated in Başpınar Creek in February, c) The HEI values were found to be less than 10 (ranging from 0.02 to 0.84), indicating a low level of potentially toxic element pollution according to this index, d) In terms of irrigation water quality, all creeks exhibited a low level of PER, with the highest PER value of 13.54 belonging to Başpınar Creek, e) The detected potentially toxic element concentrations in all four creeks did not exceed the maximum EQS values provided. In this context, it has been determined that the potentially toxic element levels in creek waters, due to anthropogenic activities, are not currently causing significant pollution. However, it is noted that Başpınar Creek is at a higher risk compared to other creeks. Furthermore, because of the ongoing anthropogenic activities in the basin, long-term metal monitoring studies are important in terms of the sustainability of Lake Mogan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Potentially toxic elements, Pollution, Surface waters, Creeks, Mogan Lake

Mogan Gölü’nü (Türkiye) Besleyen Derelerde Potansiyel Toksik Element Kirliliğinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada. antropojenik baskı altındaki bir havzada konumlanan ve Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi olarak ilan edilen Mogan Gölü’nü besleyen dere (Başpınar, Gölcük, Sukesen ve Yavrucak Deresi) sularında; a) Potansiyel toksik elementlerin (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) dereler ve aylar (Aralık-2002, Şubat 2023, Nisan-2023) arası farklılığının belirlenmesi, b) Sulama suyu kalitesi açısından ağır metal indekslerinin (Heavy Metal Pollution Index-HPI and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index-HEI) uluslararası ve ulusal değerler esas alınarak hesaplanması, c) Derelerin sulama suyu kalitesi açısından potansiyel ekolojik risk (PER) durumunun tespit edilmesi, d) Potansiyel toksik element konsantrasyonlarının yürürlükte olan -Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği- kapsamında belirtilen çevresel kalite standard değerleri ile karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bulgular doğrultusunda, a) Tüm potansiyel toksik element düzeyleri açısından dereler; Başpınar Creek>Sukesen Creek>Gölcük Creek>Yavrucak Creek olarak sıralanmıştır. Derelerdeki metal kirliliğinde payı en çok olan ağır metal As iken, tüm derelerde şubat-nisan ayı ağır metal konsantrasyonları, aralık ayına göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur, b) Tüm ay ve derelerde HPI değeri 15’den küçük bulunurken, en yüksek HPI değeri 13.21 olarak Başpınar Deresi’nde şubat ayında hesaplanmıştır, c) HEI değerleri ise 10’dan küçük (0.02-0.84) saptandığından bu indis açısından da düşük düzeyde ağır metal kirliliği belirlenmiştir, d) Tüm derelerde sulama suyu kalitesi açısından düşük düzeyde PER söz konusu olup, en yüksek PER değeri 13.54 ile yine Başpınar Deresi’ne aittir, e) Dört derede de tespit edilen ağır metal konsantrasyonları, Max.-EQS için verilen sınır değerleri aşmamıştır. Bu bağlamda, antropojenik faaliyetlerden dolayı dere sularındaki ağır metal seviyelerinin şu an için ciddi boyutlarda kirlilik yaratmadığı ancak özellikle Başpınar Deresi’nin diğer derelere göre daha fazla risk altında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca havzadaki antropojenik faaliyetlerin süregelmesi nedeniyle, uzun-dönemli metal izleme çalışmaları Mogan Gölü’nün sürdürülebilirliği açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Potansiyel toksik elementler, Kirlenme, Yüzey suları, Dereler, Mogan Gölü

Kaynakça

• Anonymous (2013). Mogan’ı kirletmenin bedeli ağır oldu. Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2019, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/mogan-i-kirletmenin-bedeli-agir-oldu-22951119
• Anonymous (2017). Göller ve Sulak Alanlar Eylem Planı, 2017-2023. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara (in Turkish).
• Anonymous (2022, June 8). Gölbaşı Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Yönetim Planı. Web Sitesi: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/tabiat/editordosya/golbasi_yonetim_plani(1).pdf.
• Binici, A., Pulatsü, S., & Bursa, N. (2021). Evaluation of sediment dredging on potentially toxic elementsconcentrations in Mogan Lake’s sediment (Ankara, Turkey). COMU J. Mar. Sci. Fish., 4(2),159-167. doi:10.46384/jmsf.987343
• Binici, A., & Pulatsü, S. (2022a). Assessment of sediment dredging effectiveness by considering overlying water and pore water heavy metals in Lake Mogan, Turkey. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 18(1), 38-48. doi:10.22392/actaquatr.942961
• Binici, A., & Pulatsü, S. (2022b). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals after dredging in Mogan Lake, Turkey. Su Ürünleri Dergisi (EgeJFAS), 39(3), 197-205. doi:10.12714/egejfas.39.3.04
• Custodio,M., Cuadrado, W., Peñaloza, R., Montalvo, R., Ochoa, S., & Quispe, J. (2020). Human risk from exposure to heavy metals and arsenic in water from rivers with mining ınfluence in the Central Andes of Peru. Water, 12, 1946. doi:10.3390/w12071946
• Çapar, G., Coşkun Dilcana, Ç., Akşit, C., Arslan, Ş., Çelik, M., & Kodal, S. (2016). Evaluation of irrigation water quality in Gölbaşı District. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22, 408-421. doi:10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001399
• Edet, A.E., & Offiong, O.E. (2002). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for potentially toxic elementscontamination monitoring. A study case from AkpabuyoOdukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (Southeastern Nigeria). GeoJournal, 57, 295–304. doi:10.1023/B:GEJO.0000007250.92458.de.
• FAO (1994). Water quality for agriculture. Accessed date: 08.01.2023, https://www.fao.org/3/t0234e/t0234e00.htm.
• Goher, ME., Hassan, AM., Abdel-Moniem, IA., Fahmy, AH., & El-Sayed, SM. (2014). Evaluation of surface water quality and potentially toxic elementsindices of Ismailia Canal, Nile river, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Res., 40, 225–233. doi:10.1016/j.ejar.2014.09.00
• Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res., 14, 975–1001. doi:10. 1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
• Karaaslan, Y. (2009). Mogan Gölü’nün kirletici özümleme kapasitesinin model ile değerlendirilmesi. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi. İstanbul. (in Turkish)
• Karaouzas, I., Kapetanaki, N., Mentzafou, A., Kanellopoulos, T. D., & Skoulikidis, N. (2021). Potentially toxic elementscontamination status in Greek surface waters: A review with application and evaluation of pollution indices. Chemosphere, 263, 128192. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128192
• Kolassa, J. E. (2020). An introduction to nonparametric statics. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
• Kumar, V., Parihar, R.D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P.,Singh Sidhu, G.P., Bali, A.S., Karaouzas, I., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A. K., Gyasi-Agyei, Y., & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Global evaluation of potentially toxic elementscontent in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using potentially toxic elementspollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236, 124364. doi:1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124364
• Kutlu, B., & Sarıgül, A. (2022). The assessment of health risk from heavy metals with water indices for irrigation and the portability of Munzur Stream: A case study of the Ovacık area (Ramsar site), Türkiye. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 52(1), 111-123
• Küçükosmanoğlu, A. G., & Filazi, A. (2020). Investigation of the metal pollution sources in Lake Mogan, Ankara, Turkey. Biological Trace Element Research, 198, 269-282. doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02031-z
• Leventeli, Y., & Yalçın, F. (2019). Potentially toxic elementspollution index (HPI) in surface water between Alakır Dam and Alakır Bridge, Antalya-Turkey. KSU J Eng Sci., 22, Special Issue.125-130.
• Moldovan, A., Török, A.I., Kovacs, E., Cadar, O., Mirea, I. C., & Micle, V. (2022). Metal contents and pollution ındices assessment of surface water, soil, and sediment from the aries, river basin mining area, Romania. Sustainability, 14, 8024. doi:10.3390/su14138024
• Mollo,V.M., Nomngongo, P.N., & Ramontj,J. (2022). Evaluation of surface water quality using various indices for heavy metals in Sasolburg, South Africa. Water, 14, 2375. doi:10.3390/w14152375
• Pan, H., Zhou, G., Yang, R., Cheng, Z., & Sun, B. (2022). Heavy metals and as in ground water, surface water, and sediments of Dexing Giant Cu-Polymetallic Ore Cluster, East China. Water, 14, 352. doi:10.3390/w14030352
• Pulatsü, S., Topçu, A., & Atay, D. (2014). Su Kirlenmesi ve Kontrolü (Genişletilmiş İkinci Baskı) Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No:1617, Ders Kitabı: 569, 384 s. (in Turkish)
• Rahman, M.S., Saha, N., & Molla, A.H. (2014). Potential ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic elementscontamination in sediment and water body around dhaka export processing zone, Bangladesh. Environ. Earth Sci., 71, 2293–2308. doi: 10.1007/s12665-013-2631-5.
• Saleem, M., Iqbal, J., & Shah, MH. (2019). Seasonal variations, risk assessment and multivariate analysis of trace metals in the freshwater reservoirs of Pakistan. Chemosphere, 216, 715–724. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.173
• Sharifi, Z., Hossaini, S.M.T., & Renella, G. (2016). Risk assessment for sediment and stream water polluted by heavy metals released by a municipal solid waste composting plant. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 169, 202-210. doi:10/1016/j.gexplo.2016.08.001
• Tokatlı, C., & Varol, M. (2021) Variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of dissolved toxic metal(loid)s in stagnant water bodies located in an intensive agricultural region of Turkey. Environ Res., 201, 11157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111571
• TSWQR (2015). Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation. The Official Gazette No: 29327
• TSWQR (2016). Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation. The Official Gazette No: 29797
• Varol, M., Karakaya, G., & Sünbül, M. R. (2021). Spatiotemporal variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of dissolved trace metal(loid)s in the Karasu River, Turkey. Environmental Research, 202, 111733. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111733
• Varol, M., &Tokatlı, C. (2023). Evaluation of the water quality of a highly polluted stream with water quality indices and health risk assessment methods. Chemosphere, 311, 137096. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137096
• Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P.K.S. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment, 583, 421–431. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088
• Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L., & Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2004–2012. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.322
• Yüksel, B., & Arica, E. (2018). Assessment of toxic, essential, and other metal levels by ICP-MS in Lake Eymir and Mogan in Ankara, Turkey: An environmental application. Atomic Spectroscopy, 39(5), 179-184. doi: 10.46770/AS.2018.05.001
• Yüksel, B., Ustaoglu, F., & Arica, E. (2021). Impacts of a garbage disposal facility on the water quality of Çavuşlu stream in Giresun, Turkey: A health risk assessment study by a validated ICP-MS assay. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 36(4), 181-192. doi: 10.26650/ASE2020845246
• Zakir, H.M., Sharmin, S., Akter, A., & Rahman, M.S. (2020). Assessment of health risk of heavy metals and water quality indices for irrigation and drinking suitability of waters: a case study of Jamalpur Sadar Area, Bangladesh. Environ. Adv., 2, 100005. doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100005
• Zhang, X., Wu, Q., Gao, S., Wang, Z., & He, S. (2021). Distribution, source, water quality and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in major rivers in Wuhan, China. PeerJ., 9:e11853. doi:10.7717/peerj.11853