The Impact Of Social Media Addiction On Shyness And Interpersonal Competence: Exploring Emotional And Relational Dynamics

Öz

Aim: Social media addiction has emerged as a significant factor influencing interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being. While social media facilitates connection, excessive use is linked to impaired interpersonal competence, increased shyness, and heightened social challenges. This study examines the relationships between social media addiction, shyness, and interpersonal competence, focusing on dimensions such as relationship initiation, self-disclosure, influence, emotional support, and conflict management. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2,661 adults was conducted using online surveys. Data were collected with the Social Media Addiction Scale, the Shyness Scale, and the Interpersonal Competence Scale. Analyses, including descriptive statistics, correlations, and regressions, were performed using SPSS 21.0. Results: Participants reported an average daily social media usage of 3–4 hours, primarily during evening hours. Social media addiction was positively associated with shyness (explaining 22% of variance) and negatively associated with interpersonal competence (explaining 5–11% of variance across dimensions). Conflict and mood regulation were the strongest predictors of reduced interpersonal competence across multiple relational domains, including relationship initiation, self-disclosure, and emotional support. Shyness moderated the relationship, with socially shy individuals exhibiting higher dependency on social media and reduced emotional support and relationship initiation skills. Conclusion: Social media addiction negatively impacts interpersonal competence and exacerbates shyness, particularly among individuals with limited social skills. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions addressing social media dependency and promoting interpersonal skills. Future research should explore longitudinal and cross-cultural perspectives to deepen understanding of these dynamics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emotional Well-being
• Interpersonal Competence
• Shyness
• Social Media Addiction

Kaynakça

1. 1.Tucker, J. A., Buscemi, J., Murphy, J. G., Reed, D. D., & Vuchinich, R. E. (2023). Addictive behavior as molar behavioral allocation: Distinguishing efficient and final causes in translational research and practice. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 37(1), 1. doi: 10.1037/adb0000845. Epub 2022 Jul 4. PMID: 35787099; PMCID:PMC9811182.
2. 2. Adhiarso DS, Utari P, Hastjarjo S. The impact of digital technology to change people’s behavior in using the media. Digit Press Soc Sci Humanit. 2019;2(2018):5. DOI:10.29037/digitalpress.42256
3. 3. Kirik A, Arslan A, Çetinkaya A, Mehmet G. A quantitative research on the level of social media addiction among young people in Turkey. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science. 2015;3(3):108-22. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS444
4. 4. Kardefelt-Winther, D. A. conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in human behavior, 2014, 31: 351-354. 5.
5. 5. Valkenburg, P.M., Peter, J. Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 2007, 12.4: 1169-1182.
6. 6. Ahmed, M. (2023). Psychological Impact of Social Media Addiction on Interpersonal Relationships in Pakistan. International Journal of Psychology, 8(4), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.47604/ijp.2421
7. 7. Ünal, A. T. (2020). A comparative study of social media addiction among Turkish and Korean university students. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (62), 307-322.
8. 8. Cheek JM, Melchior LA. Shyness, self-esteem, and self-consciousness. Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety: Springer; 1990. p. 47-82.

9. 9. Güngör, A. (2001). Utangaçlık Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları [Development, Validity, and Reliability Studies of the Shyness Scale]. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 2(15), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.93287.
10. 10. Buhrmester D, Furman W, Wittenberg MT, Reis HT. Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social psychology. 1988;55(6):991. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.55.6.991
11. 11. Şahin, E., & Gizir, C. (2014). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Utangaçlık: Benlik Saygısı ve Kişilerarası Yetkinlik Değişkenlerinin Rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(41), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.60388
12. 12. Egren A, Mercan Başpınar M, Basat O. What is the role of social media addiction in Covid-19 anxiety frequency? A cross-sectional study. ETD. 2022;61(3):334-41. DOI:10.19161/etd.1167197
13. 13. Dinçsoy B. Sosyal medya bağımlılığının, romantik ilişkilerdeki güven duygusu ve ilişki doyumu açısından incelenmesi [Examination of social media addiction in terms of trust and relationship satisfaction in romantic relationships.] İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü; 2021 [https://acikerisim.kent.edu.tr/xmlui/ handle/20.500.12780/292].
14. 14. Döş, B., & Özşahin, C. (2019). ÖĞRETMENLERİN SOSYAL MEDYA BAĞIMLILIĞI, ÖĞRETMENLİK ÖZ-YETERLİLİKLERİ VE MOTİVASYONLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ. [Examining the Relationship Between Teachers’ Social Media Addiction, Teaching Self-Efficacy, and Motivation] [Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(71), 1397-1408. https://doi. org/10.17755/esosder.519230
15. 15. Ciacchini R, Orrù G, Cucurnia E, Sabbatini S, Scafuto F, Lazzarelli A, Miccoli M, Gemignani A, Conversano C. Social Media in Adolescents: A Retrospective Correlational Study on Addiction. Children (Basel). 2023 Jan 31;10(2):278. doi: 10.3390/children10020278. PMID: 36832407; PMCID: PMC9954802.
16. 16. Yang, S. Y., Wang, Y. C., Lee, Y. C., Lin, Y. L., Hsieh, P. L., & Lin, P. H. (2022, May). Does smartphone addiction, social media addiction, and/or internet game addiction affect adolescents’ interpersonal interactions?. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 5, p. 963). MDPI. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050963
17. 17. Wang, YL., Chen, YJ. & Liu, CC. The relationship between social media usage and loneliness among younger and older adults: the moderating effect of shyness. BMC Psychol 12, 343 (2024). https:// doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01727-4.
18. 18. Xiao, B., Parent, N., Hein-Salvi, C., & Shapka, J. D. (2023). Shyness and problematic internet use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cogent Mental Health, 2(1), 2278879. DOI:10.1080/28324765.2023.2278879
19. 19. Luo, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2020). Self-disclosure and social media: Motivations, mechanisms, and psychological well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.copsyc.2019.08.019
20. 20. Towner, E., Grint, J., Levy, T., Blakemore, S. J., & Tomova, L. (2022). Revealing the self in a digital world: A systematic review of adolescent online and offline self-disclosure. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101309
21. 21. Su, Y., Yan, Z., Lin, W., & Liu, X. (2024). The Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and the Interpersonal Competence of Chinese Private College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 653-66419. DOI:10.2147/ PRBM.S445364
22. 22. Soner O, Yilmaz O. Social media fear of dislike in adolescents: A scale development study. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2021;13(2):533-54. DOI: 10.17932/IAU.IAUSBD.2021.021/ iausbd_v13i2009
23. 23. Brody N. Opting out of social media: Online communication attitudes mediate the relationship between personality factors and Facebook non-use. Southern Communication Journal. 2018;83(2):75-88. DOI: 10.1080/1041794X.2017.1413415
24. 24. Appel M, Gnambs T. Shyness and social media use: A metaanalytic summary of moderating and mediating effects. Computers in Human Behavior. 2019;98:294-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.018
25. 25. Sheldon P. Voices that cannot be heard: Can shyness explain how we communicate on Facebook versus face-to-face? Computers in Human Behavior. 2013;29(4):1402-7. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.016
26. 26. YÜKSEL MY, Çini A, Yasak B. GENÇ YETİŞKİNLERDE SOSYAL MEDYA BAĞIMLILIĞI, YALNIZLIK VE YAŞAM DOYUMUNUN İNCELENMESİ. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020(40):66-85. Doi: 10.33418/ataunikkefd.676402
27. 27. D’Arienzo MC, Boursier V, Griffiths MD. Addiction to social media and attachment styles: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2019;17:1094-118. DOI:10.1007/s11469-019-00082-5
28. 28. Lahiry S, Choudhury S, Chatterjee S, Hazra A. Impact of social media on academic performance and interpersonal relation: A cross-sectional study among students at a tertiary medical center in East India. Journal of education and health promotion. 2019;8(1):73. DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_365_18
29. 29. Wang G, Chen M, editors. Social Media Using Frequency and the Quality of Social Relationships Among Adolescents: the Moderating Effect of Shyness. 2020 International Conference on Modern Education and Information Management (ICMEIM); 2020: IEEE. DOI:10.1109/ICMEIM51375.2020.00159
30. 30. Muscanell, N. L., Guadagno, R. E. Make new friends or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Computers in Human Behavior, 2012, 28.1: 107-112.