Designing public squares to optimize human outdoor thermal comfort: a case study in Safranbolu

Öz

Within the scope of the study, thermal comfort analysis was performed using the ENVI-met program of the Misak-ı Milli Square in Safranbolu, and it was determined that the thermal comfort perception of the square as slighty warmwarm. For this reason, a new design proposal has been submitted for the square. In the proposal, the green ratio and the number of trees was increased, the type and location of the trees was changed. The flooring materials was replaced with a stone covering with a higher albedo and new functional suggestions were made for the square. As a result of the thermal comfort analysis of the new proposal, the thermal comfort perception in the square was neutral and the thermal dissatisfaction rate was reduced below 14.5%. In result of the study, it was underlined that the ratio of green areas and the tree type, number and location that constitute it and the choice of flooring materials are important parameters in providing the thermal comfort of the square.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Outdoor Thermal Comfort
• Square
• Green Ratio
• Types of Trees
• Flooring Material
• Albedo

Designing public squares to optimize human outdoor thermal comfort: a case study in Safranbolu

Abstract

Abstract Within the scope of the study, thermal comfort analysis was performed using the ENVI-met program of the Misak-ı Milli Square in Safranbolu, and it was determined that the thermal comfort perception of the square as slighty warmwarm. For this reason, a new design proposal has been submitted for the square. In the proposal, the green ratio and the number of trees was increased, the type and location of the trees was changed. The flooring materials was replaced with a stone covering with a higher albedo and new functional suggestions were made for the square. As a result of the thermal comfort analysis of the new proposal, the thermal comfort perception in the square was neutral and the thermal dissatisfaction rate was reduced below 14.5%. In result of the study, it was underlined that the ratio of green areas and the tree type, number and location that constitute it and the choice of flooring materials are important parameters in providing the thermal comfort of the square.

Keywords

• Outdoor Thermal Comfort
• Square
• Green Ratio
• Types of Trees
• Flooring Material
• Albedo

Kaynakça

1. AGHAMOLAEI, R., SHAMSI, M. H., TAHSILDOOST, M. & O’DONNELL, J. (2018). Review of District-Scale Energy Performance Analysis: Outlooks Towards Holistic Urban Frameworks. Sustainable Cities and Society. 41, 252-264.
2. BATTISTA, G., CARNIELO, E. & VOLLARO, R. D. L. (2016). Thermal Impact of A Redeveloped Area on Localized Urban Microclimate: A Case Study in Rome. Energy and Buildings. 133, 446-454.
3. BRUSE, M. (2004). ENVI-met 3.0: Updated Model Overview. University of Bochum. Retrieved from: www.envi-met.com.
4. COUTTS, A. M., WHITE, E. C., TAPPER, N. J., BERINGER, J. & LIVESLEY, S. J. (2016). Temperature and Human Thermal Comfort Effects of Street Trees Across Three Contrasting Street Canyon Environments. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 124(1-2), 55-68. DOI 10.1007/s00704-015-1409-y
5. DE ABREU-HARBICH, L. V., LABAKI, L. C. & MATZARAKIS, A. (2015). Effect Of Tree Planting Design And Tree Species on Human Thermal Comfort in The Tropics. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 99-109.
6. DE LA BARRERA, F. & HENRÍQUEZ, C. (2017). Vegetation Cover Change in Growing Urban Agglomerations in Chile. Ecol. Indic. 81, 265–273.
7. DÖNMEZ, Y, ÖZYAVUZ, M. & GÖKYER, E. (2015). Safranbolu Kentinin Konut ve Site Alanlarının Yeşil Alan Durumlarının Saptanması. İnönü Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, 5(11), 1-12.
8. DUARTE, D. H., SHINZATO, P., DOS SANTOS GUSSON, C. & ALVES, C. A. (2015). The Impact of Vegetation on Urban Microclimate to Counterbalance Built Density in A Subtropical Changing Climate. Urban Climate, 14, 224-239.

9. EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY (EEA), Urban Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe - Challenges and Opportunities for Cities Together with Supportive National and European Policies, (2012) Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/urban-adaptation-to-climate-change (Access Date: 21/10/2020)
10. FABBRI, K., UGOLINI, A., IACOVELLA, A. & BIANCHI, A. P. (2020). The Effect Of Vegetation in Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Archaeological Area in Urban Context. Building and Environment, 106816.
11. FAHMY, M., SHARPLES, S. & YAHIYA, M. (2010). LAI Based Trees Selection for Mid Latitude Urban Developments: A Microclimatic Study in Cairo, Egypt. Building and Environment, 45(2), 345-357.
12. JOHANSSON, E., THORSSON, S., EMMANUEL, R. & KRÜGER, E. (2014). Instruments and Methods in Outdoor Thermal Comfort Studies–The Need For Standardization. Urban Climate, 10, 346-366.
13. JOHNSON, D. P., STANFORTH, A., LULLA, V. & LUBER, G. (2012). Developing an Applied Extreme Heat Vulnerability Index Utilizing Socioeconomic And Environmental Data. Applied Geography, 35(1-2), 23-31.
14. KLEMM, W., LENZHOLZER, S. & VAN DEN BRINK, A. (2017). Developing Green Infrastructure Design Guidelines for Urban Climate Adaptation. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 12(3), 60-71.
15. KONG, F., SUN, C., LIU, F., YIN, H., JIANG, F., PU, Y., CAVAN, G., SKELHORN, C., MIDDEL, A. & DRONOVA, I. (2016). Energy Saving Potential of Fragmented Green Spaces Due to Their Temperature Regulating Ecosystem Services in The Summer. Applied Energy, 183, 1428-1440.
16. KOVATS, R. S. & HAJAT, S. (2008). Heat Stress and Public Health: a Critical Review. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, 41-55.
17. KUMAR, P. & SHARMA, A. (2020). Study on Importance, Procedure, and Scope of Outdoor Thermal Comfort–A Review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 102297.
18. LEE, H., MAYER, H. & CHEN, L. (2016). Contribution of Trees and Grasslands to the Mitigation of Human Heat Stress in a Residential District of Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, 37-50.
19. LI, G., ZHANG, X., MIRZAEI, P. A., ZHANG, J. & ZHAO, Z. (2018). Urban Heat Island Effect of A Typical Valley City in China: Responds to The Global Warming and Rapid Urbanization. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 736-745
20. LOBACCARO, G. & ACERO, J. A. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Green Actions to Improve Outdoor Thermal Comfort Inside Typical Urban Street Canyons. Urban Climate, 14, 251-267.
21. MARTINS, T. A., ADOLPHE, L., BONHOMME, M., BONNEAUD, F., FARAUT, S., GINESTET, S., MICHELL, C. & GUYARD, W. (2016). Impact of Urban Cool Island Measures on Outdoor Climate and Pedestrian Comfort: Simulations for a New District of Toulouse, France. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 9-26.
22. MIRZAEI, P. A. (2015). Recent Challenges in Modeling of Urban Heat Island. Sustainable Cities and Society, 19, 200-206.
23. MIRZAEI, P. A., HAGHIGHAT, F., NAKHAIE, A. A., YAGOUTI, A., GIGUÈRE, M., KEUSSEYAN, R. & COMAN, A. (2012). Indoor Thermal Condition in Urban Heat Island–Development of A Predictive Tool. Building and Environment, 57, 7-17.
24. MORAKINYO, T. E. & LAM, Y. F. (2016). Simulation Study on The Impact Of Tree-Configuration, Planting Pattern and Wind Condition on Street-Canyon's Micro-Climate and Thermal Comfort. Building and Environment, 103, 262-275.
25. MORAKINYO, T. E., LAU, K. K. L., REN, C. & NG, E. (2018). Performance of Hong Kong's Common Trees Species for Outdoor Temperature Regulation, Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving. Building and Environment, 137, 157-170.
26. MÜLLER, N., KUTTLER, W. & BARLAG, A. B. (2014). Counteracting Urban Climate Change: Adaptation Measures and Their Effect On Thermal Comfort. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 115(1-2), 243-257.
27. OKE, T. R. (1982). The Energetic Basis of The Urban Heat Island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108(455), 1-24.
28. OKE, T.R., CROWTHER, J.M., MCNAUGHTON, K.G., MONTEITH, J.L. & GARDINER, B. (1989). The micrometeorology of the urban forest [and discussion], Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 324 335–349.
29. OTHMER, F. J., SCHMITT, J. P. & GREIVING, S. (2020). Numerical Modelling of The Urban Climate as an Integrated Part of Environmental Assessments. Science of The Total Environment, 731, 138774.
30. ÖZTÜRK, S. (2013). Kentsel Açık ve Yeşil Alanların Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi. Kastamonu Örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 109-116.
31. PEÑA, M. (2009). Examination of the Land Surface Temperature Response for Santiago, Chile. Photogramm. Eng. Remote. Sens. 75 (10), 1191–1200.
32. ROBINE, J. M., CHEUNG, S. L. K., LE ROY, S., VAN OYEN, H., GRIFFITHS, C., MICHEL, J. P. & HERRMANN, F. R. (2008). Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331(2), 171-178.
33. SALATA, F., GOLASI, I., DE LIETO VOLLARO, R. & DE LIETO VOLLARO, A. (2016). Urban Microclimate and Outdoor Thermal Comfort. A Proper Procedure to Fit ENVI-Met Simulation Outputs to Experimental Data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 318-343.
34. SHAHIDAN, M. F., JONES, P. J., GWILLIAM, J. & SALLEH, E. (2012). An Evaluation of Outdoor and Building Environment Cooling Achieved Through Combination Modification of Trees with Ground Materials. Building and Environment, 58, 245-257.
35. SIMON, H., LINDÉN, J., HOFFMANN, D., BRAUN, P., BRUSE, M. & ESPER, J. (2018). Modeling Transpiration and Leaf Temperature of Urban Trees–A Case Study Evaluating The Microclimate Model ENVI-met Against Measurement Data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 174, 33-40.
36. TSILINI, V., PAPANTONIOU, S., KOLOKOTSA, D. D. & MARIA, E. A. (2015). Urban Gardens as a Solution to Energy Poverty and Urban Heat Island. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14, 323-333.
37. ZHANG, L., ZHAN, Q. & LAN, Y. (2018). Effects of The Tree Distribution and Species on Outdoor Environment Conditions in a Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone: A Case Study in Wuhan Residential Quarters. Building and Environment, 130, 27-39.
38. ZÖLCH, T., MADERSPACHER, J., WAMSLER, C. & PAULEIT, S. (2016). Using Green Infrastructure for Urban Climate-Proofing: An Evaluation of Heat Mitigation Measures at The Micro-Scale. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 20, 305-316.