Use of mindfulness applications with virtual reality applications in nursing

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) has recently been used as a tool to support awareness. When the literature is examined, no national or international studies have been found to transfer awareness practices to nursing practices as virtual reality applications. VR technologies beneficially address the challenges of environmental distraction by providing an immersive, engaging and controlled visual and auditory virtual space where attention skills can be experienced. It has been reported that the mindfulness-based stress reduction program with VR applications is used to reduce stress and anxiety, regain attention, increase anxiety and fear, and treat post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorder and pain. VR technologies have made mental health interventions more accessible to the wider public. VR mindfulness is a new research area in the field of nursing. Therefore, it seems that more research is needed on this topic to understand the processes related to awareness in VR and other digital applications. The purpose of this review is to examine the relationship between VR of mindfulness stress reduction programs and nursing practices.

Keywords

• nursing
• awareness
• mindfulness
• virtual reality

Sanal gerçeklik uygulamalarıyla mindfulness temelli stres azaltma programının hemşirelikte kullanımı

Öz

Sanal gerçeklik (VR) son zamanlarda farkındalığı desteklemek için bir araç olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Alan yazın incelendiğinde farkındalık pratiklerinin sanal gerçeklik uygulamaları olarak hemşirelik uygulamalarına aktarılmasına yönelik yapılan ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmalara rastlanmamıştır. VR teknolojileri, dikkat becerilerinin deneyimlenebileceği, sürükleyici, ilgi çekici ve kontrollü görsel ve işitsel bir sanal alan sağlanarak çevresel dikkat dağınıklığı ile ilgili zorlukları yararlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. VR uygulamalarıyla mindfulness temelli stres azaltma programının stres ve kaygının azaltılmasında, dikkati tekrar kazanmada, ileriye dönük belleğin arttırılmasında, anksiyete ve korkunun azaltılmasında, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, yeme bozukluğu ve ağrı tedavisinde kullanıldığı bildirilmektedir. VR teknolojileri, ruh sağlığı müdahalelerini geniş halk kitleleri için daha erişilebilir hale getirmiştir. Hemşirelik alanında VR mindfulness, yeni bir araştırma alanıdır. Bu nedenle, VR ve diğer dijital uygulamalarda farkındalık ile ilgili süreçleri anlamak için bu konu hakkında daha çok araştırmaya ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Derlemenin amacı mindfulness stres azaltma programlarının VR ile hemşirelik uygulamaları arasındaki ilişkinin ele alınmasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• hemşirelik
• farkındalık
• mindfulness
• sanal gerçeklik

Kaynakça

1. ALDAO, A., NOLEN-HOEKSEMA, S., & SCHWEIZER, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217-237.
2. AMORES, J., BENAVİDES, X., & MAES, P. (2016, May). Psychicvr: Increasing mindfulness by using virtual reality and brain computer interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2-2).
3. ANDERSON, T., & FARB, N. A. (2018). Personalising practice using preferences for meditation anchor modality. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2521.
4. ASATI, M., & MIYACHI, T. (2019). A Short Virtual Reality Mindfulness Meditation Training For Regaining Sustained Attention. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.04487.
5. BAER, R. A., SMITH, G. T., LYKINS, E., BUTTON, D., KRIETEMEYER, J., SAUER, S., ... & WILLIAMS, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-342.
6. BIRNIE, K., SPECA, M., & CARLSON, L. E. (2010). Exploring self‐compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26(5), 359-371.
7. BISHOP, S. R., LAU, M., SHAPIRO, S., CARLSON, L., ANDERSON, N. D., CARMODY, J., ... & DEVINS, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230-241.
8. BLANCK, P., PERLETH, S., HEIDENREICH, T., KRÖGER, P., DITZEN, B., BENTS, H., & MANDER, J. (2018). Effects of mindfulness exercises as stand-alone intervention on symptoms of anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 102, 25-35.

9. BOTELLA, C., BANOS, R., GUILLÉN, V., PERPIÑÁ, C., ALCAÑIZ, M., & PONS, A. (2000). Telepsychology: Public speaking fear treatment on the internet. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(6), 959-968.
10. BRUGGEMAN, K. J., & WURSTER, S. W. (2018). The Hiatus system: virtual healing spaces: low dose mindfulness based stress reduction virtual reality application. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2018 Appy Hour (pp. 1-2).
11. CAMPOS, D., CEBOLLA, A., QUERO, S., BRETÓN-LÓPEZ, J., BOTELLA, C., SOLER, J., ... & BAÑOS, R. M. (2016). Meditation and happiness: Mindfulness and self-compassion may mediate the meditation–happiness relationship. Personality and individual differences, 93, 80-85.
12. CHAMBERS, R., LO, B. C. Y., & ALLEN, N. B. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cognitive therapy and research, 32(3), 303-322.
13. CHANDRASİRİ, A., COLLETT, J., FASSBENDER, E., & DE FOE, A. (2020). A virtual reality approach to mindfulness skills training. Virtual Reality, 24(1), 143-149.
14. CHOO, A., & MAY, A. (2014, October). Virtual mindfulness meditation: Virtual reality and electroencephalography for health gamification. In 2014 IEEE Games Media Entertainment (pp. 1-3). IEEE.
15. CIKAJLO, I., STABA, U. C., VRHOVAC, S., LARKIN, F., & RODDY, M. (2017). A cloud-based virtual reality app for a novel telemindfulness service: rationale, design and feasibility evaluation. JMIR research protocols, 6(6), e6849.
16. COLLINS, E., COX, A., WILCOCK, C., & SETHU-JONES, G. (2019). Digital games and mindfulness apps: comparison of effects on post work recovery. JMIR mental health, 6(7), e12853.
17. COSTA, R. T. D., CARVALHO, M. R. D., RIBEIRO, P., & NARDI, A. E. (2018). Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of driving: analysis of clinical characteristics, physiological response, and sense of presence. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria, (AHEAD), 0-0.
18. CRESCENTINI, C., CHITTARO, L., CAPURSO, V., SIONI, R., & FABBRO, F. (2016). Psychological and physiological responses to stressful situations in immersive virtual reality: Differences between users who practice mindfulness meditation and controls. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 304-316.
19. DAMEN, K. H., & VAN DER SPEK, E. D. (2018, September). Virtual reality as e-mental health to support starting with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. In International Conference on Entertainment Computing (pp. 241-247). Springer, Cham.
20. DIEMER, J., ALPERS, G. W., PEPERKORN, H. M., SHIBAN, Y., & MÜHLBERGER, A. (2015). The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 26.
21. DIEMER, J., MÜHLBERGER, A., PAULI, P., & ZWANZGER, P. (2014). Virtual reality exposure in anxiety disorders: Impact on psychophysiological reactivity. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(6), 427-442.
22. ERISMAN, S. M., & ROEMER, L. (2010). A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional responding to film clips. Emotion, 10(1), 72.
23. FLORES, A., LINEHAN, M. M., TODD, S. R., & HOFFMAN, H. G. (2018). The use of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness skills training in dialectical behavioral therapy for spinal cord injury: a case study. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 531.
24. GIRARDEAU, J. C., BLONDÉ, P., MAKOWSKI, D., ABRAM, M., PIOLINO, P., & SPERDUTI, M. (2020). The impact of state and dispositional mindfulness on prospective memory: a virtual reality study. Consciousness and cognition, 81, 102920.
25. GOMEZ, J., HOFFMAN, H. G., BISTRICKY, S. L., GONZALEZ, M., ROSENBERG, L., SAMPAIO, M., ... & LINEHAN, M. M. (2017). The use of Virtual Reality Facilitates Dialectical Behavior Therapy®“Observing Sounds and Visuals” mindfulness skills training exercises for a Latino patient with severe burns: a case study. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1611.
26. GROMALA, D., SONG, M., YIM, J. D., FOX, T., BARNES, S. J., NAZEMI, M., ... & SQUIRE, P. (2011). Immersive VR: A non-pharmacological analgesic for chronic pain?. In CHI'11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1171-1176).
27. GROMALA, D., TONG, X., CHOO, A., KARAMNEJAD, M., & SHAW, C. D. (2015, April). The virtual meditative walk: virtual reality therapy for chronic pain management. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 521-524).
28. GROSSMAN, P., NIEMANN, L., SCHMİDT, S., & WALACH, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of psychosomatic research, 57(1), 35-43.
29. HAYES, S. C., STROSAHL, K. D., & WILSON, K. G. (2009). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. HILL, C., MARTIN, J. L., THOMSON, S., SCOTT-RAM, N., PENFOLD, H., & CRESWELL, C. (2017). Navigating the challenges of digital health innovation: considerations and solutions in developing online and smartphone-application-based interventions for mental health disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(2), 65-69.
31. IRVING, J. A., DOBKIN, P. L., & PARK, J. (2009). Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: A review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 15(2), 61-66.
32. JHA, A. P., STANLEY, E. A., KIYONAGA, A., WONG, L., & GELFAND, L. (2010). Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion, 10(1), 54.
33. KABAT-ZINN, J., DE TORRIJOS, F., SKILLINGS, A. H., BLACKER, M., MUMFORD, G. T., ALVARES, D. L., ... & ROSAL, M. C. (2016). Delivery and Effectiveness of a Dual Language (English/Spanish) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Program in the Inner City-A Seven-Year Experience: 1992-1999. Mindfulness & Compassion, 1(1), 2-13.
34. KABAT-ZINN, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospital psychiatry, 4(1), 33-47.
35. KABAT-ZINN, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: The program of the stress reduction clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center.
36. KABAT-ZINN, J. (2011). Some reflections on the origins of MBSR, skillful means, and the trouble with maps. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 281-306.
37. KHOURY, B., LECOMTE, T., GAUDİANO, B. A., & PAQUİN, K. (2013). Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 150(1), 176-184.
38. KOSUNEN, I., SALMINEN, M., JÄRVELÄ, S., RUONALA, A., RAVAJA, N., & JACUCCI, G. (2016, March). RelaWorld: neuroadaptive and immersive virtual reality meditation system. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp. 208-217).
39. KUYKEN, W., WATKINS, E., HOLDEN, E., WHİTE, K., TAYLOR, R. S., BYFORD, S., ... & DALGLEİSH, T. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?. Behaviour research and therapy, 48(11), 1105-1112.
40. KVILLEMO, P., BRANDBERG, Y., & BRÄNSTRÖM, R. (2016). Feasibility and outcomes of an internet-based mindfulness training program: a pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR mental health, 3(3), e33.
41. LINEHAN, M. (2015). DBT skills training manual. Dialectical behavior therapy skills training manual (Second edi). Guilford Press, New York.
42. LITTLE, D. (2016). Supporting or inhibiting motivations to meditate? A semi-structured interview study of the user experience of mobile mindfulness apps. UCL Interaction Centre.
43. MALDONATO, M. N., SPERANDEO, R., DELL’ORCO, S., IENNACO, D., CERRONI, F., ROMANO, P., … & MAROTTA, R. (2018). Mind brain and altered states of consciousness. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 34, 357.
44. MILOFF, A., MARKLUND, A., & CARLBRING, P. (2015). The challenger app for social anxiety disorder: New advances in mobile psychological treatment. Internet Interventions, 2(4), 382-391.
45. MONTERO-MARIN, J., PUEBLA-GUEDEA, M., HERRERA-MERCADAL, P., CEBOLLA, A., SOLER, J., DEMARZO, M., ... & GARCÍA-CAMPAYO, J. (2016). Psychological effects of a 1-month meditation retreat on experienced meditators: the role of non-attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1935.
46. MONTERO-MARİN, J., TOPS, M., MANZANERA, R., PİVA DEMARZO, M. M., ALVAREZ DE MON, M., & GARCÍA-CAMPAYO, J. (2015). Mindfulness, resilience, and burnout subtypes in primary care physicians: the possible mediating role of positive and negative affect. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1895.
47. NAVARRO-HARO, M. V., LÓPEZ-DEL-HOYO, Y., CAMPOS, D., LINEHAN, M. M., HOFFMAN, H. G., GARCÍA-PALACİOS, A., ... & GARCÍA-CAMPAYO, J. (2017). Meditation experts try Virtual Reality Mindfulness: A pilot study evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of Virtual Reality to facilitate mindfulness practice in people attending a Mindfulness conference. PloS one, 12(11), e0187777.
48. NAVARRO-HARO, M. V., MODREGO-ALARCÓN, M., HOFFMAN, H. G., LÓPEZ-MONTOYO, A., NAVARRO-GIL, M., MONTERO-MARİN, J., ... & GARCÍA-CAMPAYO, J. (2019). Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention with and without virtual reality dialectical behavior therapy® mindfulness skills training for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: A pilot study. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 55.
49. NEFF, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity, 2(2), 85-101.
50. RIVA, G., BACCHETTA, M., CESA, G., CONTI, S., & MOLINARI, E. (2004). The use of VR in the treatment of eating disorders.
51. RIVA, G., BACCHETTA, M., CESA, G., CONTI, S., & MOLINARI, E. (2001). Virtual reality and telemedicine based experiential cognitive therapy: Rationale and clinical protocol.
52. RIVA, G. (2011). The key to unlocking the virtual body: virtual reality in the treatment of obesity and eating disorders. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 5(2), 283-292.
53. RIVA, G. (2002). Virtual reality for health care: the status of research. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 219-225.
54. RIVA, G. (2005). Virtual reality in psychotherapy. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 8(3), 220-230.
55. RIZZO, A. S., & KIM, G. J. (2005). A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 14(2), 119-146.
56. ROQUET, D. C., & SAS, C. (2018, April). Evaluating mindfulness meditation apps. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-6).
57. ROTHBAUM, B. O., HODGES, L., & SMITH, S. (1999). Virtual reality exposure therapy abbreviated treatment manual: Fear of flying application. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 6(3), 234-244.
58. SEABROOK, E., KELLY, R., FOLEY, F., THEILER, S., THOMAS, N., WADLEY, G., & NEDELJKOVIC, M. (2020). Understanding how virtual reality can support mindfulness practice: Mixed methods study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(3), e16106.
59. SEGAL, Z. V., WILLIAMS, J. M. G., TEASDALE, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press, New York.
60. SEGAL, Z. V., WILLIAMS, J. M. G., TEASDALE, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapyfor depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press, New York.
61. SEVILLA-LLEWELLYN-JONES, J., SANTESTEBAN-ECHARRI, O., PRYOR, I., MCGORRY, P., & ALVAREZ-JIMENEZ, M. (2018). Web-based mindfulness interventions for mental health treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR mental health, 5(3), e10278.
62. SHAW, C., GROMALA, D., & SONG, M. (2011). The meditation chamber: towards self-modulation. In Metaplasticity in virtual worlds: Aesthetics and semantic concepts (pp. 121-133). IGI Global.
63. SLATER, M. (2003). A note on presence terminology [online] http://s3.amazonaws.com/publicationslist.org/data/melslater/ref201/a%20note%20on%20presence%20terminology.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 14 Ocak 2021]
64. SLATER, M. (2014). Grand challenges in virtual environments. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 1, 3.
65. SLATER, M. (1999). Measuring presence: A response to the Witmer and Singer presence questionnaire. Presence, 8(5), 560-565.
66. STEUER, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of communication, 42(4), 73-93.
67. TOIVONEN, K. I., ZERNICKE, K., & CARLSON, L. E. (2017). Web-based mindfulness interventions for people with physical health conditions: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 19(8), e303.
68. TONG, X., GROMALA, D., CHOO, A., AMIN, A., & SHAW, C. (2015, August). The virtual meditative walk: an immersive virtual environment for pain self-modulation through mindfulness-based stress reduction meditation. In International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (pp. 388-397). Springer, Cham.
69. VINCELLİ, F., ANOLLI, L., BOUCHARD, S., WIEDERHOLD, B. K., ZURLONI, V., & RIVA, G. (2003). Experiential cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia: a controlled study. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(3), 321-328.
70. WAHBEH, H., & OKEN, B. S. (2016). Internet mindfulness meditation intervention for the general public: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR mental health, 3(3), e37.
71. WITMER, B. G., & SINGER, M. J. (1998). Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence, 7(3), 225-240.