Araştırma Makalesi
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EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS

Yıl 2022, , 145 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46238/jobda.1134483

Öz

ABSTRACT
In the present study it is aimed to evaluate the anxiety, fear, stress, depression, and burnout levels of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants were 228 (151 females, 77 males) healthcare workers at Dokuz Eylül University Research and Application Hospital in İzmir, Turkey. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dokuz Eylül University. Sociodemographic information of the participants was collected, and the Fear of Covid-19 Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were administered. All statistical analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 24.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All variables were screened for accuracy of data entry, missing values, and homoscedasticity.
Our findings revealed that fear of Covid-19 scores of female participants were higher than the scores of male participants. Participants working in pandemic units revealed a significant difference in terms of stress [t (198.72) = 3.38, p < .001], anxiety [t (207.11) = 2.82, p = .005], depression [t (201.08) = 2.50, p = .013], emotional exhaustion [t (213.23) = 3.60, p < .001] and depersonalization [t (203.47) = 3.83, p < .001]. Moreover, there were significant differences in total FCV-19S among different professions [F (6, 221) = 5.88, p < .001].
It is crucial to support healthcare professionals through a series of psychological interventions, including counseling and psychotherapy, to reduce the psychological damage experienced by healthcare professionals in the front line in crises such as the Covid-19 outbreak.

ÖZET

Bu çalışmada sağlık çalışanlarının COVID-19 salgını sırasındaki kaygı, korku, stres, depresyon ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya İzmir ilinde bulunan Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi'nden 228 sağlık çalışanı katılmıştır (151 kadın, 77 erkek). Çalışma için Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi etik kurulundan onay alınmıştır. Araştırma verileri katılımcıların sosyodemografik bilgileri toplama formu ile Covid-19 Korku Ölçeği, Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği-21 (DASS-21) ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçekleri (MBI) kullanılmıştır.
Tüm istatistiksel analizler, IBM SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 24.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, ABD) kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Tüm değişkenler, veri girişinin doğruluğu, eksik değerler ve eşvaryanslık açısından taranmıştır.
Bulgularımız, kadın katılımcıların Covid-19 korkusu puanlarının erkek katılımcılardan daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Pandemi birimlerinde çalışan katılımcıların stres [t (198.72) = 3.38, p < .001], kaygı [t (207.11) = 2.82, p = .005], depresyon [t (201.08) = 2.50, p = .013], duygusal tükenme [t (213.23) = 3.60, p < .001] ve duyarsızlaşma [t (203.47) = 3.83, p < .001] skorları açısından anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, farklı meslekler arasında toplam korku düzeylerinde ( FCV-19S) de önemli farklılıklar sözkonusudur [F (6, 221) = 5.88, p < .001].
Sağlık çalışanlarının Covid-19 salgını gibi krizlerde ön saflarda yaşadıkları psikolojik tahribatı azaltmak için danışmanlık ve psikoterapi dahil bir dizi psikolojik müdahale ile sağlık çalışanlarının desteklenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • REFERENCES Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD & Pakpour AH: The fear of covid-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW & Swinson RP: Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment 1998; 10: 176-181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
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  • Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer M & Khan K: Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. J Travel Med 2020; 27: 1-3. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa008
  • Braunack-Mayer A, Tooher R, Collins JE, Street JM & Marshall H: Understanding the school community's response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1-15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-344
  • Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E & Rodríguez-Martin BC: Gender and fear of covid-19 in a Cuban population sample. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
  • Chew N, Lee G, Tan B, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam N et al.: A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88: 559–565. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049
  • Clara IP, Cox BJ & Enns MW: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Depression–Anxiety–Stress Scales in depressed and anxious patients. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2001; 23: 61-67.
  • Crawford JR & Henry JD: The depression anxiety stress scales (DASS): normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol 2003; 42: 111–131. doi: 10.1348/014466503321903544
  • Doshi D, Karunakar P, Sukhabogi JR, Prasanna JS & Mahajan SV: Assessing Coronavirus Fear in Indian Population Using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1–9. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00332-x Doctor’s News: Emergency commitment of 742 public health physicians to novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic area 2020. http://www.doctorsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html ?idxno=133714.
  • Du J, Dong L, Wang T, Yuan C, Fu R, Zhang L et al.: Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 1-3. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.011
  • Duan L, & Zhu G: Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 300–302. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • Ergin C: Examination of burnout and various sources of stress in academics. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters 1995; 12: 37-50.
  • Ho CS, Chee CY & Ho RC: Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Ann Acad Med Singap 2020; 49: 155–160.
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  • Lam MH, Wing YK, Yu MW, Leung CM, Ma RC, Kong AP et al.: Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 2142-2147. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384
  • Lee SA, Jobe MC & Mathis AA: Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychol Med 2020; 1-2. doi:10.1017/S003329172000121X
  • Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al.: Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
  • Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L et al.: Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res 2020a; 287: 112921. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921 Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S et al.: Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 2020b; 7:17-18. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8
  • Lo D: COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet 2020; 395: 922. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30644-9
  • Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH: The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Ther Behav Res 1995; 33: 335-343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
  • Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H et al.: Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020; 395: 565-574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8 Maslach C, & Jackson SE: The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav 1981; 2: 99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
  • Mosolova E, Chung S, Sosin D & Mosolov S: Stress and anxiety among healthcare workers associated with covid-19 pandemic in Russia. Psychiatria Danubina, 2020; 32, 3-4: 549-556 https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.549
  • Nezlek JB, Wesselmann ED, Wheeler L & Williams KD: Ostracism in Everyday Life: The Effects of Ostracism on Those Who Ostracize. J Soc Psychol 2015; 155: 432-451. doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351
  • Braquehais MD, Vargas-Cáceres S, Gómez-Durán E & Narvaez J: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM. 2020; 1-5. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  • Ornell F, Halpern SC, Kessler FHP & Narvaez JCM: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad Saude Publica 2020; 36: e00063520. Published 2020 Apr 30. doi:10.1590/0102-311X00063520
  • Rajkumar RP: COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52: 102066. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Reznik A, Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Khamenka & Nsralowitz R: COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-6. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
  • Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, Mensi S, Niolu C, Pacitti F et al.: COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 790. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
  • Sakib N, Bhuiyan AKMI, Hossain S, Al Mamun F, Hosen I, Abdullah AH et al.: Psychometric Validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-12. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
  • Sarıçam H: The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in community and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research 2018; 7: 19-30. doi:10.5455/jcbpr.274847
  • Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME & Satici SA: Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-9. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Gibson Miller J, Hartman TK et al.: Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and COVID‐19 related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In preparation 2020; Available from: https://psyarxiv.com/hb6nq
  • Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M & Benedek DM: Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:281-282. doi:10.1111/pcn.12988
  • Soraci P, Ferrari A, Abbiati FA, Del Fante E, De Pace R, Urso A et al.: Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 4]. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-10. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
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Yıl 2022, , 145 - 154, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46238/jobda.1134483

Öz

Kaynakça

  • REFERENCES Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD & Pakpour AH: The fear of covid-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW & Swinson RP: Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment 1998; 10: 176-181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
  • Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J & Lu L: 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet 2020; 395: 37–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
  • Blendon RJ, Benson JM, DesRoches CM, Raleigh E & Taylor-Clark K: The public's response to severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto and the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 925–931. doi: 10.1086/382355
  • Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer M & Khan K: Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. J Travel Med 2020; 27: 1-3. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa008
  • Braunack-Mayer A, Tooher R, Collins JE, Street JM & Marshall H: Understanding the school community's response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1-15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-344
  • Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E & Rodríguez-Martin BC: Gender and fear of covid-19 in a Cuban population sample. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
  • Chew N, Lee G, Tan B, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam N et al.: A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88: 559–565. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049
  • Clara IP, Cox BJ & Enns MW: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Depression–Anxiety–Stress Scales in depressed and anxious patients. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2001; 23: 61-67.
  • Crawford JR & Henry JD: The depression anxiety stress scales (DASS): normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol 2003; 42: 111–131. doi: 10.1348/014466503321903544
  • Doshi D, Karunakar P, Sukhabogi JR, Prasanna JS & Mahajan SV: Assessing Coronavirus Fear in Indian Population Using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1–9. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00332-x Doctor’s News: Emergency commitment of 742 public health physicians to novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic area 2020. http://www.doctorsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html ?idxno=133714.
  • Du J, Dong L, Wang T, Yuan C, Fu R, Zhang L et al.: Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 1-3. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.011
  • Duan L, & Zhu G: Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 300–302. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • Ergin C: Examination of burnout and various sources of stress in academics. Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters 1995; 12: 37-50.
  • Ho CS, Chee CY & Ho RC: Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Ann Acad Med Singap 2020; 49: 155–160.
  • Huang Y & Zhao N: Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288: 112954. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Huh S: How to train health personnel to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus) infection when caring for a patient or suspected case. J Educ Eval Health Prof 2020; 17: 10. doi:10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.10
  • Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP et al.: A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res 2020; 7 :4. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
  • Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li, R et al.: Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87: 11-17. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
  • Lam MH, Wing YK, Yu MW, Leung CM, Ma RC, Kong AP et al.: Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 2142-2147. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384
  • Lee SA, Jobe MC & Mathis AA: Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychol Med 2020; 1-2. doi:10.1017/S003329172000121X
  • Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al.: Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1199-1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
  • Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L et al.: Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res 2020a; 287: 112921. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921 Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S et al.: Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 2020b; 7:17-18. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8
  • Lo D: COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet 2020; 395: 922. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30644-9
  • Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH: The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Ther Behav Res 1995; 33: 335-343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
  • Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H et al.: Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020; 395: 565-574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8 Maslach C, & Jackson SE: The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav 1981; 2: 99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205
  • Mosolova E, Chung S, Sosin D & Mosolov S: Stress and anxiety among healthcare workers associated with covid-19 pandemic in Russia. Psychiatria Danubina, 2020; 32, 3-4: 549-556 https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.549
  • Nezlek JB, Wesselmann ED, Wheeler L & Williams KD: Ostracism in Everyday Life: The Effects of Ostracism on Those Who Ostracize. J Soc Psychol 2015; 155: 432-451. doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351
  • Braquehais MD, Vargas-Cáceres S, Gómez-Durán E & Narvaez J: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM. 2020; 1-5. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa207
  • Ornell F, Halpern SC, Kessler FHP & Narvaez JCM: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad Saude Publica 2020; 36: e00063520. Published 2020 Apr 30. doi:10.1590/0102-311X00063520
  • Rajkumar RP: COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52: 102066. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Reznik A, Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Khamenka & Nsralowitz R: COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-6. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
  • Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, Mensi S, Niolu C, Pacitti F et al.: COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 790. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
  • Sakib N, Bhuiyan AKMI, Hossain S, Al Mamun F, Hosen I, Abdullah AH et al.: Psychometric Validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-12. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
  • Sarıçam H: The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in community and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research 2018; 7: 19-30. doi:10.5455/jcbpr.274847
  • Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME & Satici SA: Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-9. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Gibson Miller J, Hartman TK et al.: Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and COVID‐19 related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In preparation 2020; Available from: https://psyarxiv.com/hb6nq
  • Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M & Benedek DM: Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:281-282. doi:10.1111/pcn.12988
  • Soraci P, Ferrari A, Abbiati FA, Del Fante E, De Pace R, Urso A et al.: Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 4]. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-10. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1
  • Styra R, Hawryluck L, Robinson S, Kasapinovic S, Fones C & Gold WL: Impact on health care workers employed in high-risk areas during the Toronto SARS outbreak. J Psychosom Res 2008; 64:177-183. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.015
  • Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo LLL et al.: Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:317-320. doi:10.7326/M20-1083
  • Tam CW, Pang EP, Lam LC & Chiu HF: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003: stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med 2004; 34:1197-1204. doi:10.1017/s0033291704002247
  • Troyer EA, Kohn JN & Hong S: Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:34-39. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027
  • Tsipropoulou V, Nikopoulou VA, Holeva V, Nasika Z, Diakogiannis I, Sakka S et al.: Psychometric properties of the Greek version of FCV-19S. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-10. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00319-8
  • Tzur Bitan D, Grossman-Giron A, Bloch Y, Mayer Y, Shiffman N & Mendlovic S: Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Res 2020; 289:113100. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
  • Usul E, San I & Bekgoz B:The effect of the covid-19 pandemic on the anxiety level of emergency medical services professionals. Psychiatria Danubina 2020; 32, 3-4: 563-569 https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.563
  • Wang J, Zhou M & Liu F: Reasons for healthcare workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:100-101. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.002
  • WHO: Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. World Health Organization 2020a https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
  • WHO: WHO Announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. World Health Organization 2020b https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
  • WHO: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. World Health Organization 2020c https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases /novel-coronavirus-2019
  • Wu Y, Wang J, Luo C, Hu S, Lin X, Anderson AE et al.: A Comparison of burnout frequency among oncology physicians and nurses working on the frontline and usual wards during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 60: e60-e65. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.008
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S & Yang N: The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923549. doi:10.12659/MSM.923549
  • Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M et al.: Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Özgün Bilimsel Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nevzat Devebakan 0000-0002-8444-7066

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Devebakan, N. (2022). EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS. Journal of Business in The Digital Age, 5(2), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.46238/jobda.1134483
AMA Devebakan N. EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS. JOBDA. Aralık 2022;5(2):145-154. doi:10.46238/jobda.1134483
Chicago Devebakan, Nevzat. “EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS”. Journal of Business in The Digital Age 5, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 145-54. https://doi.org/10.46238/jobda.1134483.
EndNote Devebakan N (01 Aralık 2022) EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS. Journal of Business in The Digital Age 5 2 145–154.
IEEE N. Devebakan, “EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS”, JOBDA, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 145–154, 2022, doi: 10.46238/jobda.1134483.
ISNAD Devebakan, Nevzat. “EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS”. Journal of Business in The Digital Age 5/2 (Aralık 2022), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.46238/jobda.1134483.
JAMA Devebakan N. EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS. JOBDA. 2022;5:145–154.
MLA Devebakan, Nevzat. “EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS”. Journal of Business in The Digital Age, c. 5, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 145-54, doi:10.46238/jobda.1134483.
Vancouver Devebakan N. EVALUATION OF ANXIETY, FEAR, STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BURNOUT LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS. JOBDA. 2022;5(2):145-54.

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