Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Unequal Employment Opportunities for Transgenders: Empirical Study on Employees of Pakistan

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 181 - 197, 30.07.2022

Öz

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems faced by the transgenders in the society, while applying for the jobs and faced discrimination on the bases of sexual identity for which they are being neglected in the overall society and are not accepted as well. The primary data was gathered by distributing questionnaires among transgenders. The sample size used for this study is 150 employees that are currently working in WASA (Water and Sewerage Authority) it is an organization in Pakistan. SPSS software was used to analyze data for multiple linear regression analysis and reliability analysis. The results were contingent by usual principles of statistics. Based on the results the hypotheses conducted were accepted. The findings recommended that the society has a notion developed within them or inherited on the bases of which transgenders have always been neglected and treated as minorities. They cannot get the job that they deserve even though having same education as others. Thus, the laws and rules are developed in order to provide them the jobs, so that they can earn bread for their families in order to feed them.

Kaynakça

  • Allegretto, S. A., & Arthur, M. M. (2001). An Empirical Analysis of Homosexual/Heterosexual Male Wage Differentials: Unmarried And Unequal? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 631-646.
  • Armas, H. (2007). Whose sexuality counts?: poverty, participation and sexual rights. Research for Development Outputs, 1-23.
  • Badgett, L., & Folbre, N. (2003). Job Gendering: Occupational Choice and the Marriage Market. A Journal of Economy and Society, 270-298.
  • Badgett, L., Lau, H., Sears, B., & Ho, D. (2007). Bias in the Workplace: Consistent Evidence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination. Chicago-Kent law review, 1-33.
  • Bell, M. P., Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., & Sürgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. . Humn Resource Management, 131-146.
  • Black, D. A., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. J. (2007). The Economics of Lesbian and Gay Families. Journl of Economic Perspectives, 53-70.
  • Borm, H. V., & Baert, S. (2018). What drives hiring discrimination against transgenders? International Journal of Manpower, 581-599.
  • Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Mennicke, A., & Tebbe, E. (2014). Voices from beyond: A thematic content analysis of transgender employees’ workplace experiences. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 159-169.
  • Briones, M. R. (2011). Crossers at Crossing: Narratives of Work and Aspirations of Transgender Informal Workers in Los Baños, Laguna. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 1-26.
  • Budge, S. L., Adelson, J., & Howard, K. A. (2013). Anxiety and depression in transgender individuals: the roles of transition status, loss, social support, and coping. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 545-557.
  • Chutter, K. (2007). Opening our awareness to heterosexist and homophobic attitudes in society . Relational Child & Youth Care Practice, 23-28.
  • Day, N. E., & Greene, P. G. (2008). A case for sexual orientation diversity management in small and large organizations. Human Resource Management, 637-654.
  • Day, N. E., & Schoenrade, P. (2000). The relationship among reported disclosure of sexual orientation, anti-discrimination policies, top management support and work attitudes of gay and lesbian employees. Personnel Review, 346-363.
  • Diamond, L. M., & Butterworth, M. (2008). Questioning gender and sexual identity: Dynamic links over time. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 365-376.
  • Dispenz, F., Watson, L. B., Chung, Y. B., & Brack, G. (2012). Experience of career-related discrimination for female-to-male transgender persons: A qualitative study. The Career Development Quarterly, 65-81.
  • Dowers, E., White, C., Kingsley, J., & Swenson, R. (2019). Transgender experiences of occupation and the environment: A scoping review. Journal of Occupational Science, 496-510.
  • Flores, A. R., Herman, J. L., & Mallory, C. (2015). Transgender inclusion in state non-discrimination policies: The democratic deficit and political powerlessness. Research and Politics, 1-8.
  • Gedro, J. (2009). LGBT Career Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 54-66.
  • Grant, J. M., Mottet, L., Tanis, J. E., Harrison, J., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
  • Harrison, J., Grant, J., & Herman, a. J. (2012). A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. LGBTQ Public Policy Journal, 1-13.
  • Hartzell, E., Frazer, M., Wertz, K., & Davis, M. (2009). The state of transgender California: Results from the 2008 California Transgender Economic Health Survey. San Francisco, CA: Transgender Law Center.
  • Hollerbach, P. E., Khan, S., & Khan, S. I. (2014). The Construction of Gender and Sexual Identities among Young Men in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In M. Khan, J. W. Townsend, & P. J. Pelto, Sexuality, Gender Roles, and Domestic Violence in South Asia (pp. 85-112). New York: The Population Council, Inc.
  • Jiloha, R. (2019). Trans-Genders: Social Status in Psychological Perspective. Journal of Advanced Research in Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1-3.
  • Khan, D. M. (2021). Identity Crisis and Rights in Trouble: Transgenders in Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, 55-64.
  • Laerd Statistics. (2018). Multiple Regression Analysis using SPSS Statistics. Retrieved from https://statistics.laerd.com/: https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/multiple-regression-using-spss-statistics.php
  • Lasco, G. (2017). Call Boys: Drug Use and Sex Work Among Marginalized Young Men in a Philippine Port Community. Contemporary Drug Problems.
  • Lee, J., Chaudhry, A., & Tekleab, A. G. (2014). An interactionist perspective onemployee performance as a response to psychological contract breach;. Personnel Review, 861-880.
  • Loh, J. (., Calleja, F., & Restubog, S. L. (2011). Words That Hurt: A Qualitative Study of Parental Verbal Abuse in the Philippines. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2244-2263.
  • Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2001). Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 89-101.
  • M, J., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Herman, J. L., Harrison, J., & Keisling, M. (2010). National Transgender Discrimination Survey Report on health and health care. National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
  • Mitchell, M., & Howarth, C. (2009). Trans research review. Great Britain: National Centre for Social Research.
  • National LGBTQ Task Force. (2014, October 8). New Name, New Plan for Nation's Oldest National LGBTQ Advocacy Organization. Retrieved from https://www.thetaskforce.org: https://www.thetaskforce.org/new-name-new-plan-nations-oldest-national-lgbtq-advocacy-organization/
  • Nurhan, S. (2009). Anti-discrimination rules and policies in Turkey. Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 245-272.
  • Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 533-562.
  • Sawyer, K., Thoroughgood, C., & Webster, J. (2016). Queering the Gender Binary: Understanding Transgender Workplace Experiences. Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations, 21-42.
  • Taragua, A. T. (2020). Issues and Concerns of the Academic Wellbeing of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders: A Qualitative Study. Globus Journal of Progressive Education, 29-42.
  • Winter, S., & King, M. (2011). Well and truly fucked: transwomen, stigma, sex work and sexual health in South to East Asia. In R. B. Ed. Dalla, Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Oceania (pp. 139-164). Lexington Books.
  • Woodward, R., & Winter, T. (2007). Sexing the soldier: the politics of gender and the contemporary British Army. USA: Routledge.

Transseksüeller için Eşitsiz İstihdam Fırsatları: Pakistan Çalışanları Üzerine Görgül Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 181 - 197, 30.07.2022

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı transseksüellerin toplumda kabul görmedikleri işlere başvururken karşılaştıkları ve cinsel kimlik temelinde ayrımcılığa maruz kaldıklarında yaşadıkları sorunları incelemektir. Birincil veriler, transseksüeller arasında anketler dağıtılarak toplanmıştır. Bu çalışma için kullanılan örneklem Pakistan'daki bir kuruluş olan WASA'da (Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi) görev yapan 150 çalışandır. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon ve güvenilirlik analizleri SPSS yazılımı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre kurulan hipotezler kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular, transseksüellerin her zaman ihmal edildiği ve azınlık olarak muamele gördüğü temeline dayalı olarak kendi içinde geliştirdikleri veya miras aldıkları bir nosyona sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Başkalarıyla aynı eğitime sahip olmalarına rağmen hak ettikleri işlere giremedikleri belirlenmiştir. Buradan hareketle onlara iş sağlamak için yasalar ve kurallar geliştirilmesi, böylece ailelerini doyurmak için para kazanabilmeleri sağlanabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Allegretto, S. A., & Arthur, M. M. (2001). An Empirical Analysis of Homosexual/Heterosexual Male Wage Differentials: Unmarried And Unequal? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 631-646.
  • Armas, H. (2007). Whose sexuality counts?: poverty, participation and sexual rights. Research for Development Outputs, 1-23.
  • Badgett, L., & Folbre, N. (2003). Job Gendering: Occupational Choice and the Marriage Market. A Journal of Economy and Society, 270-298.
  • Badgett, L., Lau, H., Sears, B., & Ho, D. (2007). Bias in the Workplace: Consistent Evidence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination. Chicago-Kent law review, 1-33.
  • Bell, M. P., Özbilgin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., & Sürgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. . Humn Resource Management, 131-146.
  • Black, D. A., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. J. (2007). The Economics of Lesbian and Gay Families. Journl of Economic Perspectives, 53-70.
  • Borm, H. V., & Baert, S. (2018). What drives hiring discrimination against transgenders? International Journal of Manpower, 581-599.
  • Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Mennicke, A., & Tebbe, E. (2014). Voices from beyond: A thematic content analysis of transgender employees’ workplace experiences. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 159-169.
  • Briones, M. R. (2011). Crossers at Crossing: Narratives of Work and Aspirations of Transgender Informal Workers in Los Baños, Laguna. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 1-26.
  • Budge, S. L., Adelson, J., & Howard, K. A. (2013). Anxiety and depression in transgender individuals: the roles of transition status, loss, social support, and coping. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 545-557.
  • Chutter, K. (2007). Opening our awareness to heterosexist and homophobic attitudes in society . Relational Child & Youth Care Practice, 23-28.
  • Day, N. E., & Greene, P. G. (2008). A case for sexual orientation diversity management in small and large organizations. Human Resource Management, 637-654.
  • Day, N. E., & Schoenrade, P. (2000). The relationship among reported disclosure of sexual orientation, anti-discrimination policies, top management support and work attitudes of gay and lesbian employees. Personnel Review, 346-363.
  • Diamond, L. M., & Butterworth, M. (2008). Questioning gender and sexual identity: Dynamic links over time. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 365-376.
  • Dispenz, F., Watson, L. B., Chung, Y. B., & Brack, G. (2012). Experience of career-related discrimination for female-to-male transgender persons: A qualitative study. The Career Development Quarterly, 65-81.
  • Dowers, E., White, C., Kingsley, J., & Swenson, R. (2019). Transgender experiences of occupation and the environment: A scoping review. Journal of Occupational Science, 496-510.
  • Flores, A. R., Herman, J. L., & Mallory, C. (2015). Transgender inclusion in state non-discrimination policies: The democratic deficit and political powerlessness. Research and Politics, 1-8.
  • Gedro, J. (2009). LGBT Career Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 54-66.
  • Grant, J. M., Mottet, L., Tanis, J. E., Harrison, J., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
  • Harrison, J., Grant, J., & Herman, a. J. (2012). A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. LGBTQ Public Policy Journal, 1-13.
  • Hartzell, E., Frazer, M., Wertz, K., & Davis, M. (2009). The state of transgender California: Results from the 2008 California Transgender Economic Health Survey. San Francisco, CA: Transgender Law Center.
  • Hollerbach, P. E., Khan, S., & Khan, S. I. (2014). The Construction of Gender and Sexual Identities among Young Men in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In M. Khan, J. W. Townsend, & P. J. Pelto, Sexuality, Gender Roles, and Domestic Violence in South Asia (pp. 85-112). New York: The Population Council, Inc.
  • Jiloha, R. (2019). Trans-Genders: Social Status in Psychological Perspective. Journal of Advanced Research in Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1-3.
  • Khan, D. M. (2021). Identity Crisis and Rights in Trouble: Transgenders in Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Journal of Political Studies, 55-64.
  • Laerd Statistics. (2018). Multiple Regression Analysis using SPSS Statistics. Retrieved from https://statistics.laerd.com/: https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/multiple-regression-using-spss-statistics.php
  • Lasco, G. (2017). Call Boys: Drug Use and Sex Work Among Marginalized Young Men in a Philippine Port Community. Contemporary Drug Problems.
  • Lee, J., Chaudhry, A., & Tekleab, A. G. (2014). An interactionist perspective onemployee performance as a response to psychological contract breach;. Personnel Review, 861-880.
  • Loh, J. (., Calleja, F., & Restubog, S. L. (2011). Words That Hurt: A Qualitative Study of Parental Verbal Abuse in the Philippines. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2244-2263.
  • Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2001). Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination. Journal of Homosexuality, 89-101.
  • M, J., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Herman, J. L., Harrison, J., & Keisling, M. (2010). National Transgender Discrimination Survey Report on health and health care. National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
  • Mitchell, M., & Howarth, C. (2009). Trans research review. Great Britain: National Centre for Social Research.
  • National LGBTQ Task Force. (2014, October 8). New Name, New Plan for Nation's Oldest National LGBTQ Advocacy Organization. Retrieved from https://www.thetaskforce.org: https://www.thetaskforce.org/new-name-new-plan-nations-oldest-national-lgbtq-advocacy-organization/
  • Nurhan, S. (2009). Anti-discrimination rules and policies in Turkey. Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 245-272.
  • Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 533-562.
  • Sawyer, K., Thoroughgood, C., & Webster, J. (2016). Queering the Gender Binary: Understanding Transgender Workplace Experiences. Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations, 21-42.
  • Taragua, A. T. (2020). Issues and Concerns of the Academic Wellbeing of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders: A Qualitative Study. Globus Journal of Progressive Education, 29-42.
  • Winter, S., & King, M. (2011). Well and truly fucked: transwomen, stigma, sex work and sexual health in South to East Asia. In R. B. Ed. Dalla, Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Oceania (pp. 139-164). Lexington Books.
  • Woodward, R., & Winter, T. (2007). Sexing the soldier: the politics of gender and the contemporary British Army. USA: Routledge.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Abbiha Waqar 0000-0002-1179-3507

Zahra Waqar Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4922-696X

Muhammad Nauman Jamal Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0138-9364

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Waqar, A., Waqar, Z., & Jamal, M. N. (2022). Unequal Employment Opportunities for Transgenders: Empirical Study on Employees of Pakistan. Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 4(2), 181-197.