Biomaterials Developed with an Oxyresveratrol-Rich Artocarpus lakoocha Extract Exhibiting High Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Strong Antioxidant Activity, and In Vitro Fibroblast Compatibility

Abstract

Aim: Wounds pose significant clinical challenges due to delayed healing and a high risk of infection. Advanced biomaterials that provide structural support and are enriched with bioactive compounds offer promising solutions. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH) of biomaterials enriched with extracts derived from Artocarpus lakoocha (A. lakoocha), which were identified as Oxyresveratrol-rich based on LC–MS Q-TOF phenolic profiling; and to evaluate the effects of these biomaterials on cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal organization using NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells in vitro. Methods: Extracts of A. lakoocha were prepared and analyzed for TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay, and phenolic profiling by LC–MS Q-TOF. Biomaterials enriched with the extract were fabricated using an appropriate synthesis approach. Cytocompatibility was evaluated in NIH-3T3 cells by MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and immunofluorescence imaging was performed to examine cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Results: The A. lakoocha extract exhibited high phenolic (541.3 ± 14.1 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (96.3 ± 5.1 mg QE/g) contents, along with strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 98.03 ± 0.57 µg/mL). LC–MS Q-TOF analysis revealed Oxyresveratrol as the predominant phenolic compound in the extract. Extract-enriched biomaterials exhibited porous structures with high surface area and maintained excellent swelling capacity (>415%). The MTT assay demonstrated a significant increase in cell viability, particularly at 48 hours (approximately 12.9% increase). Immunofluorescence imaging revealed enhanced F-actin organization and improved intercellular interactions. Conclusions: Biomaterials enriched with A. lakoocha extract and rich in Oxyresveratrol demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, strong antioxidant activity, and superior cytocompatibility, indicating strong potential as advanced wound dressings. Further in vivo studies are recommended to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords

• Wound dressing
• Oxyresveratrol
• Artocarpus lakoocha
• antioxidant activity
• biomaterial
• fibroblast compatibility

Oksiresveratrol Açısından Zengin Artocarpus lakoocha Ekstraktı ile Geliştirilen, Yüksek Fenolik ve Flavonoid İçeriğe Sahip, Güçlü Antioksidan Aktivite Gösteren ve In Vitro Fibroblast Uyumluluğu Sergileyen Biyomalzemeler

Öz

Giriş: Yaralar, gecikmiş iyileşme ve yüksek enfeksiyon riski nedeniyle önemli klinik zorluklar oluşturmaktadır. Yapısal destek sağlayan ve biyoaktif bileşikler ile zenginleştirilen ileri biyomalzemeler, umut verici çözümler sunmaktadır. A. lakoocha ekstraktı ile zenginleştirilmiş ve fenolik profili oksiresveratrolün baskın bileşen olduğunu gösteren biyomalzemeler; uygun fizikokimyasal özellikleri, güçlü antioksidan aktiviteleri ve yüksek sitouyumlulukları ile gelişmiş yara örtüleri için umut verici bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, biyolojik etkinliğin ve klinik uygulanabilirliğin doğrulanabilmesi için ileri in vivo çalışmaların yapılması gerekmektedir. Materyal ve Metot: A. lakoocha ekstresi hazırlanarak TPC, TFC, DPPH testi ve LC–MS Q-TOF analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekstre ile zenginleştirilmiş biyomalzemeler uygun bir sentez yaklaşımı kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Sitouyumluluk, NIH-3T3 hücrelerinde 24, 48 ve 72. saatlerde MTT testi ile değerlendirilmiş; hücre adezyonu ve hücre iskelet organizasyonunu incelemek amacıyla immünofloresan görüntüleme yapılmıştır. Bulgular: A. lakoocha ekstresi yüksek fenolik (541,3 ± 14,1 mg GAE/g) ve flavonoid (96,3 ± 5,1 mg QE/g) içeriğe ve güçlü antioksidan aktiviteye (IC₅₀ = 98,03 ± 0,57 µg/mL) sahip bulunmuştur. LC–MS Q-TOF analizi, Oksiresveratrolün ekstraktın baskın fenolik bileşeni olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ekstre ile zenginleştirilmiş biyomalzemeler yüksek yüzey alanına sahip gözenekli yapılar sergilemiş ve yüksek şişme kapasitesini (> %415) korumuştur. MTT testi, özellikle 48. saatte (yaklaşık %12,9 artış) hücre canlılığında anlamlı bir artış olduğunu göstermiştir. İmmünofloresan görüntüleme, F-aktin organizasyonunun ve hücreler arası etkileşimlerin belirgin şekilde geliştiğini ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç: Artocarpus lakoocha ekstraktı ile zenginleştirilmiş, Oksiresveratrol açısından zengin biyomalzemeler; uygun fizikokimyasal özellikleri, güçlü antioksidan aktiviteleri ve üstün sitouyumlulukları ile gelişmiş yara örtüleri için güçlü bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Terapötik etkinliğin doğrulanması için ileri in vivo çalışmalar önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yara örtüsü
• Oksiresveratrol
• Artocarpus lakoocha
• biyomalzeme
• antioksidan aktivite
• fibroblast uyumluluğu

Kaynakça

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