Araştırma Makalesi

From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 30 Haziran 2026
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From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation

Öz

Objective: To evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking on ocular surface parameters and inner retinal structure, and to explore the potential for reversibility following smoking cessation. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 participants divided into four groups based on smoking status: Group 1 (non-smokers), Group 2 (current smokers <10 years), Group 3 (current smokers >10 years), and Group 4 (former smokers, >1 year cessation). All participants underwent detailed ophthalmic evaluation including tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), meibography, noninvasive TBUT (NITBUT), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for ganglion cell complex (GCC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Correlations between daily cigarette consumption and ocular parameters were analyzed. Results: Current smokers (Groups 2 and 3) exhibited significantly lower TBUT, Schirmer, and NITBUT values, and higher OSDI scores compared to non-smokers (Group 1) and former smokers (Group 4) (p < 0.01). Meibomian gland loss was significantly elevated in current smokers, especially in Group 3. OCT analysis revealed thinner GCC and RNFL layers in chronic smokers (p < 0.05). Former smokers showed near-normal values, suggesting partial recovery. Among active smokers, daily cigarette intake negatively correlated with TBUT (r = –0.41, p = 0.004), Schirmer (r = –0.35, p = 0.01), GCC (r = –0.38, p = 0.006), and RNFL thickness (r = –0.28, p = 0.045). Conclusion: Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with significant ocular surface dysfunction and early retinal structural changes. These effects demonstrate a dose-dependent pattern and may be partially reversible upon cessation. Early screening and cessation counseling may mitigate long-term ocular damage in smokers. Keywords: Dry Eye; Meibomian Glands; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Smoking; Tear Film

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. World Health Organization. Tobacco. Published 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
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  3. Reitsma MB, Flor LS, Mullany EC, et al. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and initiation among young people in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(7):e472-e481.
  4. Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, Goto E, et al. Alterations of the tear film and ocular surface health in chronic smokers. Eye (Lond). 2008;22(7):961-968.
  5. Satici A, Bitiren M, Ozardali I, et al. The effects of chronic smoking on the ocular surface and tear characteristics. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2003;81(6):583-587.
  6. Wang S, Zhao H, Huang C, et al. Impact of Chronic Smoking on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0168763.
  7. El-Shazly AAE, Farweez YAT, Elewa LS, et al. Effect of Active and Passive Smoking on Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:6354025.
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Cerrahi (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

29 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

9 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Barman Kakil, Ş., & Arslan, N. (2026). From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences, 9(2), 315-322. https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT
AMA
1.Barman Kakil Ş, Arslan N. From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026;9(2):315-322. https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT
Chicago
Barman Kakil, Şule, ve Neşe Arslan. 2026. “From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9 (2): 315-22. https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT.
EndNote
Barman Kakil Ş, Arslan N (01 Haziran 2026) From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9 2 315–322.
IEEE
[1]Ş. Barman Kakil ve N. Arslan, “From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation”, J Cukurova Anesth Surg, c. 9, sy 2, ss. 315–322, Haz. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT
ISNAD
Barman Kakil, Şule - Arslan, Neşe. “From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 315-322. https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT.
JAMA
1.Barman Kakil Ş, Arslan N. From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026;9:315–322.
MLA
Barman Kakil, Şule, ve Neşe Arslan. “From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences, c. 9, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 315-22, https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT.
Vancouver
1.Şule Barman Kakil, Neşe Arslan. From Smoke to Clarity: Evaluating Ocular Surface and Retinal Effects of Smoking and Cessation. J Cukurova Anesth Surg [Internet]. 01 Haziran 2026;9(2):315-22. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA98NS52PT

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