Araştırma Makalesi

Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 30 Haziran 2026
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Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT

Öz

Background: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used by clinicians and trainees for perioperative decision support, yet their alignment with Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) recommendations remains uncertain. Methods: We converted the 2025 ERAS Society recommendations for elective colorectal surgery into a 52‑question bank (preoperative (n=28), intraoperative (n=10), and postoperative (n=14). Each question was asked once, in a new chat, to Google Gemini and OpenAI ChatGPT (web interfaces; no follow‑up prompts or regeneration; queries performed on 17 Feb 2026). Responses were blinded as A/B and independently scored by two clinicians (an anesthesiologist and a general surgeon) for (i) guideline concordance on a 5‑point Likert scale and (ii) safety risk (0=none, 1=potential harm, 2=critical harm). Primary analysis used paired Wilcoxon signed‑rank tests (Likert) and exact McNemar tests (any safety flag ≥1). Inter‑rater agreement was estimated with quadratic weighted kappa (QWK). Results: A total of 208 ratings were generated (52 questions × 2 models × 2 raters). Mean Likert concordance was 4.49±0.62 for Gemini and 4.44±0.65 for ChatGPT (paired Wilcoxon p=0.604). Any safety flag occurred in 20.2% (Gemini) and 15.4% (ChatGPT) of ratings (McNemar p=0.383); no responses were rated as critical harm. Inter‑rater agreement was lower for Gemini (QWK=0.225) than for ChatGPT (QWK=0.597). Conclusions: Both LLMs showed high overall concordance with ERAS colorectal recommendations, with no significant overall difference in scores. However, safety‑relevant deviations were not rare, and rater agreement varied by model, highlighting the need for clinician oversight and standardized evaluation frameworks before bedside use. Keywords: ERAS; colorectal surgery; large language model; ChatGPT; Gemini;

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Gustafsson UO, Rockall TA, Wexner S, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations 2025. Surgery. 2025;184:109397. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2025.109397.
  2. Gustafsson UO, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019;43(3):659-695. doi:10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y.
  3. Hager P, et al. Evaluation and mitigation of the limitations of large language models in clinical decision-making. Nat Med. 2024;30(9):2613-2622. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03097-1.
  4. Gallifant J, et al. The TRIPOD-LLM reporting guideline for studies using large language models. Nat Med. 2025;31(1):60-69. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03425-5.
  5. Collins GS, et al. TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods. BMJ. 2024;385:e078378. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078378.
  6. Palenzuela DL, Mullen JT, Phitayakorn R. AI Versus MD: Evaluating the surgical decision-making accuracy of ChatGPT-4. Surgery. 2024;176(2):241-245. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2024.04.003.
  7. Chatziisaak D, et al. Concordance of ChatGPT artificial intelligence decision-making in colorectal cancer multidisciplinary meetings: retrospective study. BJS Open. 2025;9(3):zraf040. doi:10.1093/bjsopen/zraf040.
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Genel Cerrahi, Anesteziyoloji, Yoğun Bakım

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

19 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

9 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Gökçen, S. (2026). Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences, 9(2), 372-377. https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF
AMA
1.Gökçen S. Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026;9(2):372-377. https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF
Chicago
Gökçen, Sezer. 2026. “Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9 (2): 372-77. https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF.
EndNote
Gökçen S (01 Haziran 2026) Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9 2 372–377.
IEEE
[1]S. Gökçen, “Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT”, J Cukurova Anesth Surg, c. 9, sy 2, ss. 372–377, Haz. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF
ISNAD
Gökçen, Sezer. “Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 372-377. https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF.
JAMA
1.Gökçen S. Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026;9:372–377.
MLA
Gökçen, Sezer. “Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences, c. 9, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 372-7, https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF.
Vancouver
1.Sezer Gökçen. Guideline concordance of large language models for ERAS colorectal surgery recommendations: a blinded, clinician-rated comparison of Google Gemini and ChatGPT. J Cukurova Anesth Surg [Internet]. 01 Haziran 2026;9(2):372-7. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA64ML79PF

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