Depremin Kardiyovasküler Sistem Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 59 - 63, 30.06.2024

Özge Turgay Yıldırım Demet Laflı Tunay Ayşegül Turgay

Öz

Giriş: Depremlerin insan vücudu üzerinde, doğrudan fiziksel etkisi olmadan da dolaylı olarak çeşitli fizyolojik ve psikolojik etkileri görülebilmektedir. Hem deprem anına ait deneyim hem de sonrasında yaşanan deprem ilişkili yaşam değişiklikleri, bedende sempatik ve parasempatik sistemlerin aktivasyonu yoluyla strese yol açmaktadır. Bu stress kardiyovasküler sistem dahil olmak üzere çeşitli fizyolojik süreçleri etkileyebilmektedir. Bu derleme ile depremlerin kardiyovasküler sistem üzerindeki etkisi mevcut kanıtlar doğrultusunda ele alınmak istenmiştir.
Tartışma: Deprem gibi doğa olaylarının, miyokardiyal enfarktüs, kalp yetmezliği, hipertansiyon ve ani kardiyak ölüm gibi advers kardiyak olayların insidansını artırdığını veya mevcut kardiyak hastalıkların bu olayların yaşandığı dönemde kötüye gitmesine yol açtığını gösteren araştırmalar mevcuttur. Bununla birlikte çelişkili sonuçlar içeren incelemeler de yer almaktadır. Dolayısıyla, depremlerin kardiyovasküler hastalıklar üzerindeki etkisi halen net olarak ortaya konmuş değildir.
Sonuç: Depremlerden fiziksel yaralanma olmadan dahi kurtulanlarda hem internal hem de eksternal faktörlere sekonder strese maruziyeti söz konusudur. Araştırmalar, deprem sürecinde yer alan bireylerde kardiyovasküler sağlıkta, kısa ve uzun dönemde olumsuz etkilenme olabileceğini belirtmektedir. Dolayısıyla özellikle kardiyovasküler hastalığı olan kişiler için gerekli önlemlerin alınması ve uygun koşulların yaratılması önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deprem, miyokard enfarktüsü, hipertansiyon, ani kardiyak ölüm

The Impacts of The Earthquake on The Cardiovascular System

Öz

Introduction: Various physiological and psychological effects of earthquakes can be seen on the human body, even without a direct physical impact from the earthquake. Both the experience of the earthquake process and the earthquake-related subsequent life changes cause stress through the activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the body. This stress can affect various physiological processes, including the cardiovascular system. In this review, the effect of earthquakes on the cardiovascular system was aimed to be discussed in line with the available evidence.
Discussion: There are studies showing that natural events such as earthquakes increase the incidence of adverse cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death, or cause existing cardiac diseases to worsen during these periods. However, there are also some evidences with conflicting results. Therefore, the effect of earthquakes on cardiovascular diseases has not been clearly demonstrated yet.
Conclusion: Even survivors of earthquakes without physical injury are exposed to stress secondary to both internal and external factors. Studies indicate that individuals who are involved in the earthquake process may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health in the short and long term. Therefore, it is important to take necessary precautions and create appropriate conditions, especially in people with cardiovascular disease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquake, myocardial infarction, hypertension, sudden cardiac death.

Kaynakça

• 1.Koçan N, Sürün S. 1. Derece Deprem Kuşağında Yer Alan Balıkesir-Burhaniye Kenti İçin Deprem Parkı Önerisi. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknol Derg. 2020;9(1):14–31. https://doi.org/10.17100/nevbiltek.681336
• 2.Takahashi S, Nakamura M, Yonekura Y, et al. Association be-tween relocation and changes in cardiometabolic risk factors: a longitudinal study in tsunami survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. BMJ Open. 2016;6(5):e011291. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011291
• 3.Kario K, McEwen BS, Pickering TG. Disasters and the heart: a review of the effects of earthquake-induced stress on cardiovascu-lar disease. Hypertens Res Off J Jpn Soc Hypertens. 2003;26(5):355–67. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.26.355
• 4.McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093–101.
• 5.McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress media-tors. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(3):171–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199801153380307
• 6.Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implica-tions for therapy. Circulation. 1999;99(16):2192–217. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.99.16.2192
• 7.James GD, Schlussel YR, Pickering TG. The association between daily blood pressure and catecholamine variability in normoten-sive working women. Psychosom Med. 1993;55(1):55–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199301000-00010
• 8.Pickering TG, Devereux RB, James GD, et al. Environmental influences on blood pressure and the role of job strain. J Hyper-tens Suppl Off J Int Soc Hypertens. 1996;14(5):S179-185. 9.Schnall PL, Schwartz JE, Landsbergis PA, et al. A longitudinal study of job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: results from a three-year follow-up. Psychosom Med. 1998;60(6):697–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199811000-00007
• 10.Pickering T. Cardiovascular pathways: socioeconomic status and stress effects on hypertension and cardiovascular function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:262–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08121.x
• 11.Yildirim ÖT, Turgay A, Tunay DL. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Kardiyovasküler Etkileri. Çukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilim Derg. 2020;3(3):128–33. https://doi.org/10.36516/jocass.2020.48
• 12.Yıldırım ÖT, Yıldırır A, Sade LE, et al. Is there a relationship between resistin levels and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure? Anatol J Cardiol. 2018 Apr;19(4):267–72. https://doi.org/10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2018.66181
• 13.Bazoukis G, Tse G, Naka KK, et al. Impact of major earthquakes on the incidence of acute coronary syndromes - A systematic re-view of the literature. Hell J Cardiol HJC Hell Kardiologike Epitheo-rese. 2018;59(5):262–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.005
• 14.Turgay Yildirim O, Gonullu E, Aydin F, et al. Nocturnal blood pressure dipping is similar in rheumatoid arthritis patients as compared to a normal population. Z Rheumatol. 2019;78(2):190–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-018-0451-4
• 15.Swerdel JN, Janevic TM, Cosgrove NM, et al. Myocardial Infarc-tion Data Acquisition System (MIDAS 24) Study Group. The effect of Hurricane Sandy on cardiovascular events in New Jersey. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(6):e001354. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001354
• 16.Itoh T, Nakajima S, Tanaka F, et al. Impact of the Japan earth-quake disaster with massive Tsunami on emergency coronary intervention and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2014;3(3):195–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872614538388
• 17.Yamaki T, Nakazato K, Kijima M, et al. Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on acute myocardial infarction in Fukushima prefecture. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2014;8(3):212–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.37
• 18.Aoki T, Fukumoto Y, Yasuda S, et al. The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster and cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(22):2796–803. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs288 19.Tanaka F, Makita S, Ito T, et al. Relationship between the seis-mic scale of the 2011 northeast Japan earthquake and the inci-dence of acute myocardial infarction: A population-based study. Am Heart J. 2015;169(6):861–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.02.007
• 20.Nozaki E, Nakamura A, Abe A, et al. Occurrence of cardiovascu-lar events after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsu-nami disaster. Int Heart J. 2013;54(5):247–53. https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.54.247
• 21.Nakamura M, Tanaka K, Tanaka F, et al. Long-Term Effects of the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on Incidence of Fatal and Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(3):352–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.05.002
• 22.Suzuki S, Sakamoto S, Miki T, et al. Hanshin-Awaji earthquake and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet Lond Engl. 1995;345(8955):981.
• 23.Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Zavitsanos X, et al. Psychologi-cal stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet Lond Engl. 1983;1(8322):441–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91439-3
• 24.Tsuchida M, Kawashiri MA, Teramoto R, et al. Impact of severe earthquake on the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome and stroke in a rural area of Japan. Circ J Off J Jpn Circ Soc. 2009;73(7):1243–7. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-08-0812
• 25.Dobson AJ, Alexander HM, Malcolm JA, et al. Heart attacks and the Newcastle earthquake. Med J Aust. 1991;155(11–12):757–61. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb94029.x.
• 26.Brown DL. Disparate effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes on hospital admissions for acute myocar-dial infarction: importance of superimposition of triggers. Am Heart J. 1999;137(5):830–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70406-0
• 27.Chan C, Elliott J, Troughton R, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarc-tion and Stress Cardiomyopathy following the Christchurch Earthquakes. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e68504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068504
• 28.Lin LY, Wu CC, Liu YB, et al. Derangement of heart rate varia-bility during a catastrophic earthquake: a possible mechanism for increased heart attacks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol PACE. 2001;24(11):1596–601. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01596.x
• 29.Tsubokura M, Takita M, Matsumura T, et al. Changes in meta-bolic profiles after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a retrospec-tive observational study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:267. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-267
• 30.Grippo AJ, Johnson AK. Stress, depression and cardiovascular dysregulation: a review of neurobiological mechanisms and the integration of research from preclinical disease models. Stress Amst Neth. 2009;12(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890802046281
• 31.Azuma T, Seki N, Tanabe N, et al. Prolonged effects of partici-pation in disaster relief operations after the Mid-Niigata earth-quake on increased cardiovascular risk among local governmental staff. J Hypertens. 2010;28(4):695–702. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328336ed70
• 32.Takahashi H, Fujimura S, Ubukata S, et al. Pneumonia after Earthquake, Japan, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(11):1909–11. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.111660
• 33.Yamauchi H, Yoshihisa A, Iwaya S, et al. Clinical features of patients with decompensated heart failure after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(1):94–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.02.057
• 34.Godoy LD, Rossignoli MT, Delfino-Pereira P, et al. A Compre-hensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127
• 35.Fath AR, Aglan A, Platt J, et al. Chronological Impact of Earth-quakes on Blood Pressure: A Literature Review and Retrospective Study of Hypertension in Haiti Before and After the 2010 Earth-quake. Front Public Health. 2020;8:600157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.600157
• 36.Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, et al. Earthquake-induced potentiation of acute risk factors in hypertensive elderly patients: possible triggering of cardiovascular events after a major earth-quake. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(5):926–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00002-8
• 37.Nishizawa M, Hoshide S, Shimpo M, et al. Disaster hyperten-sion: experience from the great East Japan earthquake of 2011. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14(5):375–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0298-z
• 38.Kario K, Matsuo T, Ishida T, et al. “White coat” hypertension and the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Lancet Lond Engl. 1995;345(8961):1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92561-9
• 39.Kario K, Matsuo T, Shimada K, et al. Factors associated with the occurrence and magnitude of earthquake-induced increases in blood pressure. Am J Med. 2001;111(5):379–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00832-4
• 40.Kobari E, Tanaka K, Nagao M, et al. Impact of lifestyle and psychosocial factors on the onset of hypertension after the Great East Japan earthquake: a 7-year follow-up of the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Hypertens Res Off J Jpn Soc Hyper-tens. 2022;45(10):1609–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00968-3
• 41.Ohira T, Hosoya M, Yasumura S, et al. Evacuation and Risk of Hypertension After the Great East Japan Earthquake: The Fuku-shima Health Management Survey. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979. 2016;68(3):558–64. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07499
• 42.Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(7):413–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199602153340701
• 43.Katsouyanni K, Kogevinas M, Trichopoulos D. Earthquake-related stress and cardiac mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1986;15(3):326–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/15.3.326
• 44.Kloner RA, Leor J, Poole WK, et al. Population-based analysis of the effect of the Northridge Earthquake on cardiac death in Los Angeles County, California. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(5):1174–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00281-7
• 45.Kario K, Ohashi T. Increased coronary heart disease mortality after the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake among the older community on Awaji Island. Tsuna Medical Association. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(5):610–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb03096.x
• 46.Muller JE, Tofler GH. Triggering and hourly vaiation of onset of arterial thrombosis. Ann Epidemiol. 1992;2(4):393–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(92)90088-8
• 47.Muller JE, Abela GS, Nesto RW, et al. Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques: the lexicon of a new frontier. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23(3):809–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)90772-2
• 48.Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M, et al. Sudden cardiac death. Support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation. 1993;87(5):1442–50. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.87.5.1442