Az Gelişmiş Ülkelerde İslami Bankacılığın Zorlukları: Afganistan Örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 5 - 19, 30.12.2021

Pierre Rostan Sayed Alami Ellaha Mohammad Abobaker Rahmani Sughra Azizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Afganistan İslam Bankası örneği ile Afganistan'a odaklanarak az gelişmiş ülkelerde İslami bankacılığın zorluklarını araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada ele alınan örneklem, 1) İslami bankacılığın gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülkelerdeki etkilerini, 2) dinin ve İslami kavramın müşteri çekmekteki rolü ve 3) İslami bankacılık yoluyla müşteri kitlesini genişletme stratejileri hakkında bilgi edinme hedefleri takip edilerek incelenmektedir. Özel tam teşekküllü Afganistan İslam Bankası'nın 24 çalışanı ve yöneticilerinden oluşan bir örneklemden kendi geliştirdiği bir anket aracılığıyla veri toplanmıştır. İslami bankacılığın örnek olay incelemeleri ve başarı öyküleri incelendiğinde, İslami bankacılıkla ilgili yenilikçi pazarlama ve bilinçlendirme kampanyalarının daha fazla müşteri çekmede büyük önem taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir. Pazarlama stratejilerinin rafine edilmesi anket aracılığıyla doğrulanmıştır. İslami bankalar geleneksel bankacılıktan pazar payı elde etmek için din ve güven kavramları pazarlama argümanları olarak yeterli görünmediği için daha yenilikçi ürünlerle kendilerini farklılaştırabilirler. Bu çalışma, az ve fazla gelişmiş ülkelerdeki İslami bankalara, belirlenen zorluklarla başa çıkmak ve geleneksel bankalardan pazar payı kazanmak için çözümler getirebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İslami bankacılık, Zorluklar, Pazarlama, Az gelişmiş Ülkeler

Challenges of Islamic Banking in Least Developed Countries: The Case of Afghanistan

Öz

This paper explores the challenges of Islamic banking in least developed countries, focusing on Afghanistan with the example of the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan, while pursuing the objectives of finding out about 1) the effects of Islamic banking in emerging and least developed countries, 2) the role of religion and Islamic concept to attract customers, and 3) the strategies to expand clientele through Islamic banking. A self-developed questionnaire was collected from a sample of 24 employees and managers of the exclusive fully-fledged Islamic Bank of Afghanistan. Examining case studies and success stories of Islamic banking, it has been found that innovative marketing and awareness campaigns about Islamic banking had significant importance in attracting more customers. Refining marketing strategies has been substantiated through the survey. In order to gain market share from conventional banking, Islamic banks could differentiate themselves with more innovative products because the concepts of religion and trust do not appear to be sufficient as marketing arguments. The paper may bring solutions to Islamic banks in least and more developed countries to deal with identified challenges and to gain market share from conventional banks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic Banking, Challenges, Marketing, Least Developed countries

Kaynakça

• Afzal, M. (1993). Theory & practice of Islamic banking. Pakistan Economic & Social Review, 31(2), 102-117.
• Ahmad, A., & Bashir, R. (2014). An investigation of customer's awareness level & customer's service utilization decision in Islamic banking. Pakistan Economic & Social Review, 52(1), 59-74.
• Bellalah, M. & Masood, O. (2013). Islamic Banking & Finance. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing,
• Ben, B. F., Ammi, C., & Levy, A. (2016). Banking governance, performance & risk-taking: Conventional banks vs islamic banks. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
• Boone, J. (2011). The financial scandal that broke Afghanistan's Kabul Bank. The Guardian, Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/16/kabul-bank-afghanistan-financial-sc&al
• Boukhatem, J., & Moussa, F. B. (2018). The effect of Islamic banks on Gdp growth: Some evidence from selected Mena countries. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18.
• Butt, I., Ahmad, N., Naveed, A. & Ahmed, Z. (2018). Determinants of low adoption of Islamic banking in Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(3), 655–672.
• CIA World Factbook. (2021). Afghanistan, Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/
• Domat, C. (2018). Islamic Finance: Just for Muslim-Majority Nations? Global Finance, Retrieved from https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-just-muslim-majority-nations
• Domat, C. (2018). What is Islamic finance & how does it work? Global Finance, Retrieved from https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq- whatIslamic-finance-&-how-does-it-work
• Erdoğan, S., Gedikli, A, Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D., Yılmaz Genç, S. , Haykır Hobikoğlu, E. , Erdoğan, F. (2020). An Investigation of Participation Banking Performance in Turkey from Costumer Perspective: The Case of Kocaeli Province. Bilimname, (41), 1095-1127, doı: 10.28949/bilimname.672138
• Hall, M. (2020). How the Banking Sector Impacts Our Economy. Investopedia, Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032315/what-banking-sector.asp
• Hoque, M. E., Kabir Hassan, M., Hashim, N. M. H. N. & Zaher, T. (2019). Factors affecting Islamic banking behavioral intention: the moderating effects of customer marketing practices & financial considerations. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 24(1), 44–58.
• Huawida, R.M. (2019). The challenges & opportunities of banking industry in Afghanistan. Daily Outlook Afghanistan, available at: Retrieved from http://www.outlookafghanistan.net/editorialdetail.php?post_id=25005
• International Monetary Fund. (2020). World Economic Outlook Database, Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October
• Islamic Finance Foundation. (2017). IMF: Islamic Banks Need to Improve on Financial Safety Net, Liquidity. Retrieved from https://www.islamicfinance.com/2017/04/imf-islamic-banks-need-improve-financial-safety-net-liquidity/
• Islamic Financial Services Board. (2020). Islamic Financial Services Industry Stability Report, Retrieved from https://www.ifsb.org/download.php?id=5724&lang=English&pg=/index.php Kewuyemi, K.M. (2015). Customers’ awareness, attitude & patronage of Islamic banking in Nigeria. Semantic Scholar, Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Customers%27-Awareness-%2C-Attitude-&-Patronage-of-in-Kewuyemi/204169d877376121333f6db9f4ab7a99931eb557
• Schottmann, S. (2014). From duty to choose: Marketing Islamic banking in Malaysia. South East Asia Research, 22(1), 57-72.
• Statista (2021). Number of Islamic banks worldwide in 2019, by type, Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1090895/worldwide-number-of-islamic-banks-by-type/
• Tabrani, M., Amin, M. & Nizam, A. (2018). Trust, commitment, customer intimacy & customer loyalty in Islamic banking relationships. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 36(5), 823–848, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-03-2017-0054
• Tawfiqi, D. N. & Hamdan, A. (2018). The Role of Islamic Banks in The Entrepreneurial Success: Evidence from Bahrain. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(2).
• The Committee for Development Policy of the United Nations. (2020). List of Least Developed Countries, Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf
• The Global Economy.com (2021). Afghanistan, Retrieved from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Afghanistan/
• UNDP (2020), "Afghanistan COVID-19 impact: short term disruptions & policy considerations", Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/covid19/Afghanistan%20-%20Covid19%20Impact%20Note%20-%20Final%20%20April%2015%202020.pdf
• Vizcaino, B. (2018a). Islamic finance in Afghanistan growing, investment options limited – report. Reuters, Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/islamic-finance-afghanistan-idUSL8N1Y80KM
• Vizcaino, B. (2018b). Afghanistan approves first full-fledged Islamic bank. Reuters, Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-islamic-finance-afghanistan/afghanistan-approves-first-full-fledged-islamic-bank-idUSKBN1HU03U
• World Bank. (2021). GDP per capita (current US$), Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?view=chart
• Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D.C. & Diboglu, P. (2020). Does Sukuk market development promote economic growth? PSU Research Review, 4(3), 209-218, https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-03-2020-0011