The Evolution Of Innovation Into Development: Income Distribution Balance

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 325 - 333, 30.12.2022

Yunus Budak

Öz

With industrialization, the field of use of technology has expanded and new concepts have been derived with technology. Technology-oriented elements such as human capital wealth, R&D and innovation, which are in constant development, have a significant presence in the economic system. In addition to the fact that the effects of innovation on growth are increasing day by day, it is an important economic output of today's world where the way of production is also innovation-oriented. As a reflection of this situation, the impact of value added on growth has become more important. The transformation of growth into development with appropriate policies is one of the most important outputs for an economy. Achieving a fair income distribution balance with the development to be achieved is among the indispensable elements as a socio-economic indicator. This study examines the relationship between innovation, development and income distribution. The concepts of innovation, development and income distribution have been examined and some case studies have been made. While determining this situation, the applied results in the literature were used and a conclusion was formed using numerical data. It was observed that innovation significantly accelerates growth. It is also concluded that growth has significant effects on development within appropriate policies. It has also been observed that with innovation, countries leave the middle-income trap and enter the group of high-income countries and create a balanced income distribution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Innovation, development, İncome distribution

İnovasyonun Kalkınmaya Evrilme Süreci: Gelir Dağılımı Dengesi

Öz

Sanayileşme ile birlikte teknolojinin kullanımı sahası genişlemiş ve teknoloji ile birlikte yeni kavramlar türemiştir. Beşeri sermaye zenginliği, Ar-Ge ve inovasyon gibi teknoloji odaklı sürekli gelişim içinde olan unsurlar varlığını iktisadi sistem içerisinde ciddi manada göstermektedir. İnovasyonun büyüme üzerindeki etkilerinin her geçen gün daha da arttığı gerçeğinin yanında, üretim şeklinin de inovasyon odaklı olduğu günümüz dünyasının önemli ekonomik çıktısıdır. Bu durumun yansıması olarak katma değerin büyüme üzerindeki etkisi daha da önem kazanmıştır. Büyümenin uygun politikalar ile kalkınmaya dönüşmesi bir ekonomi için en önemli çıktılardandır. Elde edilecek kalkınma ile birlikte adil gelir dağılımı dengesini yakalamak sosyo-ekonomik bir gösterge olarak vazgeçilmez unsurlar arasındadır. Bu çalışmada; inovasyon, kalkınma ve gelir dağılımı arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. İnovasyon, kalkınma ve gelir dağılımı kavramları incelenerek bazı durum tespitleri yapılmıştır. Bu durumu tespiti yapılırken literatürde var olan uygulamalı sonuçlardan yararlanılmış, sayısal veriler üzerinde de bir sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. İnovasyonun büyümeye ciddi anlamda ivme kazandırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Büyümenin de uygun politikalar içerisinde kalkınma üzerinde önemli etkilerinin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca inovasyon ile birlikte ülkelerin orta gelir tuzağından çıkarak yüksek gelirli ülkeler grubuna girmesi ve dengeli bir gelir dağılımını meydana getirmesi gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnovasyon, Kalkınma, Gelir Dağılımı

Kaynakça

• Açıkalın, O. and Saltık, A. (2007). “New Concepts and Strategies in Development”. Journal of Sociology Studies, 2007/1, 5-27.
• Ahmed, P.K. ve Shepherd, C.D. (2010). Innovation Management Context, Strategies, Systemsand Process, Pearson Education: England.
• Akbey, F., (2014). A Literature Review on the Relationship between R&D, Innovation and Development: Institutional Summary, Erciyes University, Journal of Finance: 166, 1-16.
• Albeni, M. ve M. Karaöz (2003). “Learning, Knowledge and Innovation in Regional Development: A Perspective for Turkey”, Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of FEAS, 8(2), 157‐170.
• Alçın, S., Güner, B., (2015). “The Middle Income Trap: An Evaluation of Turkey”, Marmara University Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, XXXVII, I, 27-45 doi no: 10.14780/iibd.66467, 27-45.
• Antonelli, C. (2009). The economics of innovation: from the classical legacies to the economics of complexity. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 18(7), 611-646.
• Bükey, A.M. and Akgül, O. (2019). The Impact of Technology Transfer on Income Distribution: The Case of Turkey. Research Journal of Politics, Economics And Management, 7,1, 1-8.
• Bükey, AM. and Çetin, B.I. (2017). The Analysis of the Factors Influencing Income Distribution by the Least Squares Method in Turkey. Research Journal of Public Finance, 3, 1, 103-117.
• de Castro, G.M., Verde, M.D., Sáez, P.L., & López, J.E.N., (2010). Technological innovation: An intellectual capital based view. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Dinler Sakaryalı, A. M. (2016), Innovation House, Bursa: Ekin Publishing, 2-62.
• Dulupçu, M. A. & Sungur, O., (2007). Innovation, Cooperation and Entrepreneurship, Western Black Sea Region. Evaluation of the attitudes of small and medium-sized enterprises, 8.
• Eğilmez, M. ve Kumcu, E., (2004), Economic Policy, Theory and Practice in Turkey. Istanbul: Remzi Bookstore, 126.
• Elçi, Ş., Karataylı, İ. ve Karaata, S., (2008). Regional Innovation Centers: A Model Proposal for Turkey, 25-40.
• Emek, Ö. F., (2020). The Importance of Inflation in the Formation of Income Distribution Policies, Ankara: İksad Publishing House.
• Fagerberg, J. (2003), “Innovation: A Guide to Literature” Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture” University of Oslo.
• Fan, Q., K. Li, D. Z. Zeng, Y. Dong, R. Peng (2009). “Innovatıon for Development and the Role of Government: A Perspective from the East Asia and Pacific Region”, Washington: The World Bank.
• Grasselli, N. (2009). Regional Innovation Systems: A Case Study. 4th aspects and visions of applied economics and informatics, 1135(1140), 26-27.
• Işık, N. & Kılınç, E.C., (2012). Innovation-Driven Development: A Study on European Union Countries and Turkey. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management,1, 1, 31–68.
• Karagöl, E.T. ve Karahan, H., (2014). “New Economy: R&D and Innovation”,82, Seta, İstanbul, 10-12.
• Kaygısız, B. (2015). “Innovation”, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, 324, 9-13.
• Kaynak, M. (2007). Development Economics, Ankara: Gazi Publishing House.
• Kaynak, M., (2011). Development Economics, Ankara: Gazi Publishing House ,77-78.
• Kuşat, N., (2012). A Study on the Role of Traditional Food Products in Regional Development and Determinants of Innovation in Traditional Foods; Afyon Example, Manisa, Celal Bayar University İ.İ.B.F Management and Economics 19, 2, 261-275.
• Lopez, M. R (2000). “Innovation, Competitiveness and Development: Searching for the Linkages to Economic Development”, IKE Internal Seminar, October 25, 2000, Aalborg University – Denmark.
• Nafgizer, E. W., (2006). Economic Development, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Oakley, P. ve Garforth, C., (1985). Guide to extension training, FAO Training Series, 11
• Oğuztürk, B.S., (2011). “The Role of Innovation in South Korea's Development”, Suleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 3,5. 48-53.
• Örtlek, Z., (2015). Turkey from the Perspective of Innovation and Regional Development. Master Thesis, Aksaray: Aksaray University.
• Recepoğlu, M. ve Doğan, K. C. (2014). “The Role of Entrepreneurship and Technology in Regional Development: TR 83 Regional Analysis”, Gümüşhane University, Electronic Journal of Social Sciences:10.63.
• Schact, H. W. (2000). “Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate over Government Policy", Congressional Research Service Report to the U.S. Congress.
• Schumpeter, J., (1934). The Theory Of Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Sen, A (2004). Development with Freedom. İstanbul: Details Publishing House.
• Sevinç, H. (2011). “The Problem of Regional Development: Regional Development Policies Implemented in Turkey”, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development, (6: 2). 40.
• Todaro, M. ve Smith, S.C. (2011). Economic Development, Person Education and Addison-Wesley.
• Turhan, G.Ç., (2012). “The Effect of Trade with Land Border Neighbors on Turkey's Development -Attraction Model Approach”. PhD Thesis. İstanbul: Kadir Has University.
• Tüylüoğlu, Ş. ve Saraç Ş., (2012). Determinants of Innovation in Developed and Developing Countries and An Empirical Analysis, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of İİBF, 7(1), 39-74.
• Uzun Kocamış, T. ve Güngör, A. (2014). “R&D Expenditures in Turkey and the Effect of R&D Expenses on Profitability in the Technology Sector: Borsa Istanbul Practice”, Finance Journal:166.
• Ünsal, E. M. (2011). Macroeconomics, 9th Edition, Ankara, Imaj Publishing House.
• Yumuşak, İ. G. ve Bilen, M. (2000). Income distribution- human capital relationship and an evaluation on Turkey. Kütahya University Journal of Social Sciences, (1), 77-96.
• Yücel, D. (2011). Income distribution theories and policies: Income distribution and poverty problem in Turkey (Unpublished doctoral thesis). İstanbul: Istanbul University.