Araştırma Makalesi
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An Empirical Study on the Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Quality in Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 204 - 212, 30.06.2023

Emrah Sofuoğlu , Adem Alver , Nagihan Bozali

Öz

The relationship between urbanization and the environment has recently attracted researchers' attention. In many countries, additional energy consumption caused by urbanization increases CO2 emissions and leads to environmental pollution. This study aims to test the impact of urbanization on environmental quality in Turkey. For analysis, the study employs Fourier ARDL bounds testing approach for 1965-2020. FARDL results reveal a long-term cointegration relationship between the variables. The FARDL-based long-term coefficient estimation model is applied to examine the effect of independent variables on CO2 emissions in the long run. Estimation results show that economic growth and urbanization increase environmental pollution by increasing CO2 emissions in Turkey. Overall results prove that Turkey should implement long-term sustainable urbanization strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Urbanization Environmental Quality Fourier ARDL

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., & Ali, S. (2019). Investigating The Non-Linear Relationship Between Urbanization And CO 2 Emissions: An Empirical Analysis. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12, 945-953.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 107-112.
  • Ali, R., Bakhsh, K., & Yasin, M. A. (2019). Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economy: evidence from Pakistan. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101553.
  • Alper, F. Ö., & Alper, A. E. (2017). Karbondioksit emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi ilişkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Sosyoekonomi, 25(33), 145-156.
  • Altıntaş, N. (2020). Kentleşme ve ekonomik büyümenin çevresel bozulmaya etkisi: Türkiye örneği. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(26), 4517-4539.
  • Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W., & Malik, S. (2022). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO2 emissions: evidence from selected Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(5), 6556-6576.
  • Asif, M., Sharma, R. B., & Adow, A. H. E. (2015). An empirical investigation of the relationship between economic growth, urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in GCC countries: a panel data analysis. Asian Social Science, 11(21), 270.
  • Becker, G.S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. National Bureau of Economic Research. New York.
  • Chen, W., & Chi, G. (2022). Urbanization and ecosystem services: The multi-scale spatial spillover effects and spatial variations. Land Use Policy, 114, 105964.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Fan, Y., Liu, L. C., Wu, G., & Wei, Y. M. (2006). Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26(4), 377-395.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation For CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness And Urbanization Of Newly İndustrialized Countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999.
  • International Energy Agency (2021). Key World Energy Statistics 2021, Final consumption. https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics-2021/final-consumption
  • Işık, Ş. (2005). Türkiye’de Kentleşme ve Kentleşme Modelleri. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 14(1-2), 57-71.
  • Jóźwik, B., Gavryshkiv, A. V., & Galewska, K. (2022). Do Urbanization and Energy Consumption Change the Role in Environmental Degradation in the European Union Countries?. Energies, 15(17), 6412.
  • Kang, Y. Q., Zhao, T., & Yang, Y. Y. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in China: A spatial panel data approach. Ecological indicators, 63, 231-239.
  • Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: a panel data analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103.
  • Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Golestani Dariani, A. (2019). CO 2 emissions, urbanisation and economic growth: evidence from Asian countries. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 32(1), 510-530.
  • Kılıç, C., Kurt, Ü., & Balan, F. (2020). Kentleşme Ve Sanayileşmenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 182-196.
  • Lee, J. W. (2019). Lagged effect of exports, industrialization and urbanization on carbon footprint in Southeast Asia. International Journal Of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26(5), 398-405.
  • Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31(5), 317-343.
  • Ludlow, J., & Enders, W. (2000). Estimating non-linear ARMA models using Fourier coefficients. International Journal of Forecasting, 16(3), 333-347.
  • Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2019). Trade Openness, Urbanization And CO2 Emissions: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Of Middle-İncome Countries. The Journal Of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(3), 317-330.
  • Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Furqan, M. (2020). Industrialization, urbanization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry analysis. Energy Reports, 6, 1553-1560.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Maruotti, A. (2011). The impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: evidence from developing countries. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1344-1353.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521.Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Natural resources, urbanization, economic growth and the ecological footprint in South Africa: the moderating role of human capital. Quaestiones Geographicae, 40(2), 63-76.
  • Niray, N. (2002). Tarihsel süreç içinde kentleşme olgusu ve Muğla örneği. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (9), 1-27.
  • Niu, H., & Lekse, W. (2018). Carbon emission effect of urbanization at regional level: empirical evidence from China. Economics, 12(1).
  • Osmay, Sevin, “1923’ten Bugüne Kent Merkezlerinin Dönüşümü”, 75 Yılda Değişen Kent ve Uygarlık, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 1998
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). The effect of urbanization and industrialization on carbon emissions in Turkey: evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Poumanyvong, P., & Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological economics, 70(2), 434-444.
  • Ren, L., Wang, W., Wang, J., & Liu, R. (2015). Analysis of energy consumption and carbon emission during the urbanization of Shandong Province, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, 534-541.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2014). The effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economies. Energy economics, 41, 147-153.
  • Saidi, K., & Mbarek, M. B. (2017). The impact of income, trade, urbanization, and financial development on CO2 emissions in 19 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(14), 12748-12757.
  • Sağlam, S. (2006). Türkiye'de iç göç olgusu ve kentleşme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD), (5), 33-44.
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H., & Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K., & Jabran, M. A. (2016). How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 83-93.
  • Sharma, S. S. (2011). Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: empirical evidence from 69 countries. Applied energy, 88(1), 376-382.
  • Şahin, G., & Gökdemir, L. (2019). Kentleşmenin Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye olgu örneği. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(18), 187-213.
  • Şimşek, T., & Yiğit, E. (2017). BRICT ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, petrol fiyatları, CO2 emisyonu, kentleşme ve ekonomik büyüme üzerine nedensellik analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 117-136.
  • Şit, A., Karadağ, H., & Şit, M. (2021). Finansal Gelişme, Kentleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Asimetrik İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. International Journal of Economic & Social Research, 17(2).
  • Tekeli, İ. (1998). Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet Döneminde Kentsel Gelişim ve Kent Planlaması (The Urban Development and Urban Planning in the Republican Period in Turkey), 75 Yılda Değişen Kent ve Mimarlık. Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Uysal, D., & Taner, T. A. Ş. (2016). Kentleşme, Enerji Tüketimi Ve Çevresel Bozulmalar (Kirlilik-CO2) Arasındaki İlişkinin Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(28/4), 103-120.
  • World Bank (2022). Urban population (% of total population) - turkiye. Data. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2022, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=TR
  • Yılmaz, E., & Çitçi, S. (2011). Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Kentlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Sosyo-Politik Açıdan Türkiye’de Kentleşme Dönemleri, 10(35), 260.
  • Yıldız, B. (2019). E7 ülkelerinde CO2 emisyonu, enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve kentleşme arasındaki ilişki. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 8(3), 283-297.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi’nin Testi: Temiz Enerji Tüketimi’nin Rolü. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 570-589.
  • Zhang, H., Chen, M., & Liang, C. (2022). Urbanization of county in China: Spatial patterns and influencing factors. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 32(7), 1241-1260.
  • Zhu, H. M., You, W. H., & Zeng, Z. F. (2012). Urbanization and CO2 emissions: A semi-parametric panel data analysis. Economics Letters, 117(3), 848-850.

Türkiye’de Kentleşmenin Çevresel Kalite Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 204 - 212, 30.06.2023

Emrah Sofuoğlu , Adem Alver , Nagihan Bozali

Öz

Kentleşme ve çevre arasındaki ilişki son zamanlarda birçok araştırmacının ilgisini çekmektedir. Birçok ülkede kentleşmenin neden olduğu ek enerji tüketimi CO2 emisyonlarını artırmakta ve çevre kirliliğine yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 1970-2020 döneminde Türkiye'de kentleşmenin çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ampirik analiz için Fourier ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. FARDL sonuçları, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisini ortaya koymaktadır. Bağımsız değişkenlerin CO2 emisyonları üzerindeki etkisinin analiz edilmesi amacıyla FARDL modeline dayalı uzun dönem katsayı tahmin yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Türkiye'de ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi ve kentleşmenin CO2 emisyonlarını artırarak çevre kirliliğini artırdığını göstermektedir. Genel sonuçlar, Türkiye'nin uzun vadeli sürdürülebilir kentleşme stratejileri uygulaması gerektiğini kanıtlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kentleşme Çevresel Kalite Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Z., Wang, Z., & Ali, S. (2019). Investigating The Non-Linear Relationship Between Urbanization And CO 2 Emissions: An Empirical Analysis. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12, 945-953.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 107-112.
  • Ali, R., Bakhsh, K., & Yasin, M. A. (2019). Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economy: evidence from Pakistan. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101553.
  • Alper, F. Ö., & Alper, A. E. (2017). Karbondioksit emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi ilişkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Sosyoekonomi, 25(33), 145-156.
  • Altıntaş, N. (2020). Kentleşme ve ekonomik büyümenin çevresel bozulmaya etkisi: Türkiye örneği. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(26), 4517-4539.
  • Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W., & Malik, S. (2022). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO2 emissions: evidence from selected Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(5), 6556-6576.
  • Asif, M., Sharma, R. B., & Adow, A. H. E. (2015). An empirical investigation of the relationship between economic growth, urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emission in GCC countries: a panel data analysis. Asian Social Science, 11(21), 270.
  • Becker, G.S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference to Education. National Bureau of Economic Research. New York.
  • Chen, W., & Chi, G. (2022). Urbanization and ecosystem services: The multi-scale spatial spillover effects and spatial variations. Land Use Policy, 114, 105964.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Fan, Y., Liu, L. C., Wu, G., & Wei, Y. M. (2006). Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26(4), 377-395.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel Estimation For CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Trade Openness And Urbanization Of Newly İndustrialized Countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999.
  • International Energy Agency (2021). Key World Energy Statistics 2021, Final consumption. https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics-2021/final-consumption
  • Işık, Ş. (2005). Türkiye’de Kentleşme ve Kentleşme Modelleri. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 14(1-2), 57-71.
  • Jóźwik, B., Gavryshkiv, A. V., & Galewska, K. (2022). Do Urbanization and Energy Consumption Change the Role in Environmental Degradation in the European Union Countries?. Energies, 15(17), 6412.
  • Kang, Y. Q., Zhao, T., & Yang, Y. Y. (2016). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in China: A spatial panel data approach. Ecological indicators, 63, 231-239.
  • Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: a panel data analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103.
  • Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Golestani Dariani, A. (2019). CO 2 emissions, urbanisation and economic growth: evidence from Asian countries. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 32(1), 510-530.
  • Kılıç, C., Kurt, Ü., & Balan, F. (2020). Kentleşme Ve Sanayileşmenin CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 182-196.
  • Lee, J. W. (2019). Lagged effect of exports, industrialization and urbanization on carbon footprint in Southeast Asia. International Journal Of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26(5), 398-405.
  • Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31(5), 317-343.
  • Ludlow, J., & Enders, W. (2000). Estimating non-linear ARMA models using Fourier coefficients. International Journal of Forecasting, 16(3), 333-347.
  • Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2019). Trade Openness, Urbanization And CO2 Emissions: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Of Middle-İncome Countries. The Journal Of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(3), 317-330.
  • Mahmood, H., Alkhateeb, T. T. Y., & Furqan, M. (2020). Industrialization, urbanization and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetry analysis. Energy Reports, 6, 1553-1560.
  • Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Maruotti, A. (2011). The impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: evidence from developing countries. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1344-1353.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521.Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Natural resources, urbanization, economic growth and the ecological footprint in South Africa: the moderating role of human capital. Quaestiones Geographicae, 40(2), 63-76.
  • Niray, N. (2002). Tarihsel süreç içinde kentleşme olgusu ve Muğla örneği. Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (9), 1-27.
  • Niu, H., & Lekse, W. (2018). Carbon emission effect of urbanization at regional level: empirical evidence from China. Economics, 12(1).
  • Osmay, Sevin, “1923’ten Bugüne Kent Merkezlerinin Dönüşümü”, 75 Yılda Değişen Kent ve Uygarlık, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 1998
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). The effect of urbanization and industrialization on carbon emissions in Turkey: evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Poumanyvong, P., & Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological economics, 70(2), 434-444.
  • Ren, L., Wang, W., Wang, J., & Liu, R. (2015). Analysis of energy consumption and carbon emission during the urbanization of Shandong Province, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 103, 534-541.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2014). The effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economies. Energy economics, 41, 147-153.
  • Saidi, K., & Mbarek, M. B. (2017). The impact of income, trade, urbanization, and financial development on CO2 emissions in 19 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(14), 12748-12757.
  • Sağlam, S. (2006). Türkiye'de iç göç olgusu ve kentleşme. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD), (5), 33-44.
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H., & Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K., & Jabran, M. A. (2016). How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 83-93.
  • Sharma, S. S. (2011). Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: empirical evidence from 69 countries. Applied energy, 88(1), 376-382.
  • Şahin, G., & Gökdemir, L. (2019). Kentleşmenin Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye olgu örneği. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(18), 187-213.
  • Şimşek, T., & Yiğit, E. (2017). BRICT ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, petrol fiyatları, CO2 emisyonu, kentleşme ve ekonomik büyüme üzerine nedensellik analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 117-136.
  • Şit, A., Karadağ, H., & Şit, M. (2021). Finansal Gelişme, Kentleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Asimetrik İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. International Journal of Economic & Social Research, 17(2).
  • Tekeli, İ. (1998). Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet Döneminde Kentsel Gelişim ve Kent Planlaması (The Urban Development and Urban Planning in the Republican Period in Turkey), 75 Yılda Değişen Kent ve Mimarlık. Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Uysal, D., & Taner, T. A. Ş. (2016). Kentleşme, Enerji Tüketimi Ve Çevresel Bozulmalar (Kirlilik-CO2) Arasındaki İlişkinin Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(28/4), 103-120.
  • World Bank (2022). Urban population (% of total population) - turkiye. Data. (n.d.). Retrieved December 01, 2022, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=TR
  • Yılmaz, E., & Çitçi, S. (2011). Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Kentlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Sosyo-Politik Açıdan Türkiye’de Kentleşme Dönemleri, 10(35), 260.
  • Yıldız, B. (2019). E7 ülkelerinde CO2 emisyonu, enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve kentleşme arasındaki ilişki. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 8(3), 283-297.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi’nin Testi: Temiz Enerji Tüketimi’nin Rolü. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 570-589.
  • Zhang, H., Chen, M., & Liang, C. (2022). Urbanization of county in China: Spatial patterns and influencing factors. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 32(7), 1241-1260.
  • Zhu, H. M., You, W. H., & Zeng, Z. F. (2012). Urbanization and CO2 emissions: A semi-parametric panel data analysis. Economics Letters, 117(3), 848-850.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emrah Sofuoğlu 0000-0001-7716-1599

Adem Alver 0000-0001-6799-6840

Nagihan Bozali 0000-0002-6334-2097

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sofuoğlu, E., Alver, A., & Bozali, N. (2023). An Empirical Study on the Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Quality in Turkey. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 8(1), 204-212.
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