Immune system and protection from infections

Öz

Immune system is a sum of all processes which protect a living organism against diseases, also recognize, and destroy pathogens and tumor cells. Human body protects itself against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances via very diverse mechanisms. This protection involves physical barriers, fagocytic cells in blood, and tissues, and various molecules of hematologic origin. These mechanisms can be divided into two interdependent defense systems as non-specific or hereditary immune system and specific or acquired immune system. Non-specific immune system which is the first stage of the defense system discriminates between foreign substances and those belonging to the body, but it cannot distinguish between two types of pathogens. However, specific immune system can discern between those belonging or foreign to the organism, and responds specifically to different pathogens, and foreign molecules. The main objective of this paper is in general to deal with cells, molecules, and tissues involving in immune system, and define normal mechanisms used to defend the body against foreign substances.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Immune system, infection, disease

Enfeksiyondan korunma ve immün sistem

Öz

İmmün sistem, bir canlıdaki hastalıklara karşı koruma yapan, patojenleri ve tümör hücrelerini tanıyıp onları yok eden işleyişlerin toplamıdır. İnsan vücudu, bakterilere, virüslere ve diğer yabancı maddelere karşı pek çok farklı mekanizma ile koruma sağlar. Bu koruma fiziksel bariyerleri, kan ve dokulardaki fagositik hücreleri ve kan kaynaklı çeşitli molekülleri içerir. Bu mekanizmalar birbiri ile bağlantılı iki savunma sistemine ayrılabilir: Non-spesifik veya kalıtsal immün sistem ve spesifik ya da edinsel immün sistem. Savunma sisteminin ilk aşaması olan non-spesifik immün sistem, organizmaya ait olan ile yabancı olanı ayırt eder ancak bir patojen tipini diğerinden ayırt etmez. Spesifik immün sistem ise, organizmaya ait olan ile olmayanı ayırt eder ve farklı patojenlere ve yabancı moleküllere spesifik biçimde yanıt verir. Bu yazının temel amacı immün sistemine ait hücreler, moleküller ve dokuları genel olarak ele almak ve vücudu yabancı maddelere karşı korumak için kullanılan normal mekanizmaları tanımlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İmmün sistem, enfeksiyon, hastalık

Kaynakça

1. Chinen J, Finkelman F, Shearer WT. Advances in basic and clin- ical immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:489-95.
2. Paul WE. Fundamental Immunology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2003.
3. Porth CM. Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2004. p. 134-149.
4. Litman G, Cannon J, Dishaw L. Reconstructing immune phy- logeny: new perspectives. Nat Rev Immunol 2005;5:866-79.
5. Fair W, Couch J, Wehner N. Prostatic antibacterial factor. Identity and significance. Urology 1976;7:169-77.
6. Agerberth B, Gudmundsson G. Host antimicrobial defence pep- tides in human disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006;306: 67-90.
7. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH. Temel immunoloji, immun sistemin işlev ve bozuklukları. Editörler: Y. Camcıoğlu, G. Deniz. İstan- bul: Medikal Yayıncılık; 2007.
8. Bachmann MF, Kopf M. Balancing protective immunity and immunopathology. Curr Opinion Immunol 2002:14:413.

9. Baker CJ, Edwards MS. Group B streptococcal infections. In: Remington JS, Klein JO, editors. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. p. 980-1064.
10. Remington JS, Klein JO, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995. p. 140-267.
11. Zen K, Parkos C. Leukocyte-epithelial interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2003;15:557-64.
12. Guermonprez P, Valladeau J, Zitvogel L, Théry C, Amigorena S. Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2002;20:621-67.
13. Abbas A, Murphy K, Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996;383:787-93.
14. McHeyzer-Williams L, Malherbe L, McHeyzer-Williams M. Helper T cell-regulated B cell immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006;311:59-83.
15. Vosshenrich CAJ, Samson-Villeger SI, Di Santo JP. Distinguish features of developing natural killer cells. Current Opinion in Immunology 2005;17:151-8.
16. Papamichail M, Perez SA, Gritzapis AD, Baxevanis CN. Natural killer lymphocytes: biology, development, and function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004;53:176-86.
17. Vassali P. The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Ann Rev Immunol 1992;10:411-52.
18. Locksley RM, Wilson CB. The cellular immune system and its role in host defense. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, editors. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 102-49.
19. Rus H, Cudrici C, Niculescu F. The role of the complement sys- tem in innate immunity. Immunol Res 2005;33:103-12.
20. Liszewski MK, Farries TC, Lublin DM, Rooney IA, Atkinson JP. Control of the complement system. Adv Immunol 1996;61: 201-83.
21. Sim R, Tsiftsoglou S. Proteases of the complement system. Biochem Soc Trans 2004;32:21-7.
22. Bu açık erişim makalenin, ticari kullanım amacı ve içerik değişikliği dışında kalan çoğaltma, dağıtma vb. tüm kullanım hakları, bilinen standartlarda kay
23. nak olarak gösterilmesi koşuluyla Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND3.0) Lisansı aracılığıyla
24. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) bedelsiz kullanıma sunulmuştur.
25. Makalenin atıf künyesi: Songu M, Katılmış H. Enfeksiyondan korunma ve immün sistem. J Med Updates 2012;2(1):31-42.