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The Direct and Indirect Effects of Positive Future Expectations on Psychological Well-Being of College Students: Quiet Ego as A Mediator

Yıl 2023, , 185 - 207, 28.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.1358124

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between positive future expectations, quiet ego, and psychological well-being among college students. It was hypothesized that there would be direct and indirect effects of positive future expectations on psychological well-being through quiet ego. The data was gathered from a sample consisting of 250 college students. Participants completed several instruments, namely, the Positive Future Expectation Scale, the Quiet Ego Scale, the Flourishing Scale, and the demographic information form. The analyses revealed that there is a significant direct effect of positive future expectations on psychological wellbeing. It was also found that there is a significant indirect effect of positive future expectations on psychological wellbeing via quiet ego. The obtained findings were discussed within the context of existing research. This study contributes to the expanding body of literature on psychological well-being by demonstrating that the quiet ego serves as a factor in explaining how positive future expectations are connected to psychological well-being.

Kaynakça

  • Akça, E. (2014). Personality and cultural predictors of the quiet ego: Comparing Turkey and the United States (Publication No. 379945) [Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center.
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7.
  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., & Sauer, S. (2008). Construct validity of the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and non-meditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003
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  • Bauer, J. J., Park, S. W., Montoya, R. M., & Wayment, H. A. (2015). Growth motivation toward two paths of eudaimonic self-development. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(1), 185–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9504-9
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Aldine.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298
  • Brunt, B. V., (2010). The preparation and role of college counselors. Professional Counseling Digest, ACAPCD-36, 1–2. American Counseling Association.
  • Çalışkan, S., & Dilmaç, B. (2021). Predictive relationships between adolescents’ future expectation, hope and psychological well-being. Necmettin Erbakan University Ereğli Faculty of Education Journal, 3(2), 131–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.51119/ereegf.202216
  • Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
  • Çevik, V. A., & Öneren, M. (2019). Determination of job search worry level of associate degree students. ETU Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 8, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29157/etusbe.65
  • Çiçek, B., & Almalı, V. (2020). The relationship between anxiety self-efficacy and psychological well-being during Covid-19 pandemic process: Comparison of private and public sector employees. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 241–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43492
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  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.44.1.113
  • DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
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  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., & Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. In E. Diener (Eds.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 247–266). Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Doğan, T. (2006). The investigation of the wellness of university students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 30, 120–129.
  • Ehtiyar, R. V., Ersoy, A., Akgün, A., & Karapınar, E. (2017). The impact of university students’ future attitudes and positive future expectations on psychological wellness situations. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 7(2), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.13114/MJH.2017.361
  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ subjective well-being and positive expectations towards the future. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 24(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2011240306
  • Fu, F., & Chow, A. (2016). Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: The moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1161428
  • Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind. New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
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  • Herzog, T. R., & Strevey, S. J. (2008). Contact with nature, sense of humor, and psychological well-being. Environment and Behavior, 40(6), 747–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507308524
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Yıl 2023, , 185 - 207, 28.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.1358124

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akça, E. (2014). Personality and cultural predictors of the quiet ego: Comparing Turkey and the United States (Publication No. 379945) [Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center.
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7.
  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., & Sauer, S. (2008). Construct validity of the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and non-meditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003
  • Bauer, J. J., & Wayment, H. A. (2008). The psychology of the quiet ego. In H. A. Wayment & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 7–19). American Psychological Association.
  • Bauer, J. J., Park, S. W., Montoya, R. M., & Wayment, H. A. (2015). Growth motivation toward two paths of eudaimonic self-development. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(1), 185–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9504-9
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Aldine.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298
  • Brunt, B. V., (2010). The preparation and role of college counselors. Professional Counseling Digest, ACAPCD-36, 1–2. American Counseling Association.
  • Çalışkan, S., & Dilmaç, B. (2021). Predictive relationships between adolescents’ future expectation, hope and psychological well-being. Necmettin Erbakan University Ereğli Faculty of Education Journal, 3(2), 131–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.51119/ereegf.202216
  • Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
  • Çevik, V. A., & Öneren, M. (2019). Determination of job search worry level of associate degree students. ETU Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 8, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29157/etusbe.65
  • Çiçek, B., & Almalı, V. (2020). The relationship between anxiety self-efficacy and psychological well-being during Covid-19 pandemic process: Comparison of private and public sector employees. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 241–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43492
  • Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th edition). Pearson.
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.44.1.113
  • DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
  • Deniz, M., Erus, S., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2017). Relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being: the mediating role of emotional intelligence. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 7(47), 17–31.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., & Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. In E. Diener (Eds.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 247–266). Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Doğan, T. (2006). The investigation of the wellness of university students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 30, 120–129.
  • Ehtiyar, R. V., Ersoy, A., Akgün, A., & Karapınar, E. (2017). The impact of university students’ future attitudes and positive future expectations on psychological wellness situations. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 7(2), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.13114/MJH.2017.361
  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
  • Eryılmaz, A. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ subjective well-being and positive expectations towards the future. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 24(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2011240306
  • Fu, F., & Chow, A. (2016). Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: The moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1161428
  • Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind. New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
  • Hamarta, E., Özyeşil, Z., Deniz, M. E., & Dilmaç, B. (2013). The prediction level of mindfulness and locus of control on subjective well-being. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-2/B.22
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
  • Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.11. 001
  • Heppner, W. L., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). “Quiet ego” functioning: The complementary roles of mindfulness, authenticity, and secure high self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 248–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598330
  • Herzog, T. R., & Strevey, S. J. (2008). Contact with nature, sense of humor, and psychological well-being. Environment and Behavior, 40(6), 747–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507308524
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, organizations across nations. Sage.
  • Howell, A. J., Digdon, N. L., Buro, K., & Sheptycki, A. R. (2008). Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 773–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.005
  • Huang, J., Lin, K., Fan, L., Qiao, S., & Wang, Y. (2021). The effects of a self-compassion intervention on future-oriented coping and psychological well-being: a randomized controlled trial in Chinese college students. Mindfulness 12, 1451–1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01614-8
  • Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‐being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1(2), 137–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x
  • Imamoglu, E. O. (2001). Need for cognition versus recognition: self and family related correlates. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Imamoglu, E. O., & Guler-Edwards, A. (2007). Self-related differences in future time orientations. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 22(60), 115–132. International Youth Foundation (2017). The Global Youth Wellbeing Index. https://www.youthindex.org/about.
  • Iraz, R., Arıbaş, A. N., & Özşahin, F. (2021). The relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being: The case of university students. Journal of Strategic and Social Researches, 5(2), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.30692/sisad.930302
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
  • Karaırmak, O. (2004) The role of spirituality in psychological counseling. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 22, 45–55.
  • Karakoç, A., Bingöl, F., & Karaca, S. (2013). Investigation of the relationship between adolescent subjective well-being and positive future expectations in high school students. International Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical Sciences, 6(3), 43–50.
  • Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: Humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035814
  • Liu, G., Isbell, L. M., & Leidner, B. (2021). Quiet ego and subjective well-being: The role of emotional intelligence and mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 22(6), 2599–2619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00331-8
  • Liu, G., Isbell, L. M., & Leidner, B. (2022). How does the quiet ego relate to happiness? A path model investigation of the relations between the quiet ego, self-concept clarity, and wellbeing. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 23, 1007–1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00331-8
  • Marcia, J. E. (1983). Some directions for the investigation of ego development in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 3(3), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431683033004
  • Neugarten, B. L., Havighurst, R. J., & Tobin, S. S. (1961). The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/16.2.134
  • Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Brown, K. W. (2008). The role of awareness and autonomy in quieting the ego: A self-determination theory perspective. In H. A. Wayment & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 107–115). American Psychological Association.
  • Nurmi, J. E. (1991). How do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning. Developmental Review, 11(1), 1–59.
  • Nurmi, J. E. (1993). Adolescent development in an age-graded context: The role of personal beliefs, goals, and strategies in the tackling of developmental tasks and standards. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16(2), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549301600205
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  • Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076301
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  • Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
  • Sacker, A., & Cable, N. (2006). Do adolescent leisure-time physical activities foster health and well-being in adulthood? Evidence from two British birth cohorts. The European Journal of Public Health, 16(3), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cki189
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
  • Seginer, R. (2003). Adolescent future orientation: An integrated cultural and ecological perspective. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6(1), 2307–0919. http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/ 2307-0919.1056
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
  • Şimşek, H., (2012). Future expectations of high school students in southeastern Turkey: Factors behind future expectations. Journal of Theoretical Educational Sciences, 5(1), 90–109.
  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
  • Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
  • Stoddard, S. A., & Pierce, J. (2015). Promoting positive future expectations during adolescence: The role of assets. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56, 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9754-7
  • Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.70
  • Taş, M. A., & Özmen, M. (2019). The relationship between family support in the choice of vocation and career adaptability: The mediatory role of the positive future expectation. International Journal of Euroasian Researches, 7(16), 736–761. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.543865
  • Telef, B. B. (2013). The adaptation of Psychological Well-being Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(3), 374–384.
  • Toker, B., & Kalıpçı, M. B. (2021). The effect of self-esteem, positive future expectation and attitude toward future on happiness: An analysis of vocational school students. Journal of Higher Education, 11(2), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.21.578916
  • Verdugo, L., & Sanzhez-Sandoval, Y. (2022). Psychological and social adjustment as antecedents of high school students’ future expectations. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 32(1), 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.1
  • Walsh, F. (1996). The concept of family resilience: Crisis and challenge. Family process, 35(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1996.00261.x
  • Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
  • Wayment, H. A., & Bauer, J. J. (2017). The quiet ego: Concept, measurement, and well-being. In M. D. Robinson & M. Eid (Eds.), The happy mind: Cognitive contributions to well-being (pp. 77–94). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature.
  • Wayment, H. A., & Bauer, J. J. (2018). The quiet ego: Motives for self-other balance and growth in relation to well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, 881–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9848-z
  • Wayment, H. A., Bauer, J. J., & Sylaska, K. (2015). The Quiet Ego Scale: Measuring the compassionate self-identity. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(4), 999–1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9546-z
  • Wayment, H. A., West, T. N., & Craddock, E. B. (2016). Compassionate values as a resource during the transition to college: Quiet ego, compassionate goals, and self-compassion. Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 28(2), 93–114.
  • Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (Vol. 18) (pp. 1–74). Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Duygu Dinçer 0000-0003-2496-6902

Nur Akbulut Kılıçoğlu 0000-0002-0022-6427

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Dinçer, D., & Akbulut Kılıçoğlu, N. (2023). The Direct and Indirect Effects of Positive Future Expectations on Psychological Well-Being of College Students: Quiet Ego as A Mediator. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 6(Education Special Issue), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.1358124

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