A Comprehensive Review of Forgiveness Interventions in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 289 - 321, 27.10.2023

Selami Kardaş

https://doi.org/10.53048/johass.1369889

Öz

With the rise in the popularity of the positive mental health perspective, the concept of forgiveness has captured the attention of numerous researchers in the psychology and mental health domains. This heightened interest has resulted in a notable surge in studies focused on identifying the variables associated with forgiveness. Beyond elucidating the connection between forgiveness and psychological well-being, there is a growing emphasis on studies that aim to enhance individuals' knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes toward forgiveness. In this study utilizing a descriptive research model, 13 theses and 7 articles featuring experimental interventions on forgiveness were scrutinized. The evaluation encompassed the composition of the research group, the primary disciplines and publication years, the study design, characteristics of the applied group intervention, the entity administering it, session numbers, utilized measurement tools, and the effectiveness of the intervention. The findings indicate that all forgiveness interventions effectively heightened participants' knowledge and skills regarding forgiveness, fostering a positive attitude toward forgiveness. In summary, forgiveness interventions are associated with increased forgiveness and a positive impact on psychological health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Forgiveness, intervention, psychological well-being, effectiveness, descriptive research

Kaynakça

• Adam-Karduz, F. F. (2019). Affetme eğilimi kazandırmaya yönelik psiko-eğitim programının affetme eğilimi kazandırma ve beş faktör kişilik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi. (Publication No. 537237). [Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Akhtar, S. (2002). Forgiveness: Origins, dynamics, psychopathology, and technical relevance. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 71(2), 175-212. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2002.tb00010.x
• Akhtar, S., & Barlow, J. (2016). Forgiveness Therapy for the Promotion of Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(1), 107–122. doi:10.1177/1524838016637079
• Akın, A., Akın, U., & Gediksiz, E. (2012). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of forgivingness scale. Internatinal Counseling and Education Conference 2012, May, 3-5, İstanbul, Turkey.
• Allemand, M. (2008). Age differences in forgivingness: The role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1137-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.009
• Alp, D. (2022). Affetme psikoeğitim programının kişilerarası ilişkilerde incinmiş ortaokul öğrencilerinin affetme ve öfke düzeylerine etkisi. (Publication No. 736562). [Doctoral dissertation, Gazi University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Arshi, M., Dalirian, S., Eghlima, M., & Shirinbayan, P. (2016). The effectiveness of group social work forgiveness intervention on the life satisfaction of the elderly living in care institutions. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10(4), 174-181.
• Asıcı, E. (2018). Affetme odaklı grup rehberliğinin ergenlerin saldırganlık ve öznel iyi oluşları üzerindeki etkisi. (Publication No.. 511610). [Doctoral dissertation, Dokuz Eylül University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Asıcı, E., & Karaca, R. (2019). Affetme odaklı grup rehberliğinin ergenlerin saldırganlık eğilimi üzerindeki etkisi: Bir karma yöntem araştırması. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(19), 57-82.
• Asıcı, E., & Karaca, R. (2020). Affetme odaklı grup rehberliğinin ergenlerin affetme eğilimi üzerindeki etkisi. Nesne, 8(17), 214-232. DOI: 10.7816/nesne-08-17-05
• Baskin, T. W., & Enright, R. D. (2004). Intervention studies on forgiveness: A meta‐analysis. Journal of counseling & Development, 82(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00288.x
• Berman, N. G., & Parker, R. A. (2002). Meta-analysis: neither quick nor easy. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-2-10
• Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott III, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
• Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., Parrott III, L., O’Connor, L. E., & Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: Development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(10), 1277-1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012710004
• Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 182-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310025
• Braithwaite, S. R., Mitchell, C. M., Selby, E. A., & Fincham, F. D (2016). Trait forgiveness and enduring vulnerabilities: Neuroticism and catastrophizing influence relationship satisfaction via less forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.045
• Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
• Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2012). Affetme arttırılabilinir mi?: Affetmeyi geliştirme grubu. Turkish Psychological Counseling & Guidance Journal, 4(37).
• Çardak, M. (2012). Affedicilik yönelimli psiko-eğitim programının affetme eğilimi, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, psikolojik iyi oluş, sürekli kaygı ve öfke üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. (Publication No. 328121). [Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Çolak, T. S. (2014). Affetme esnekliği kazandırmada logoterapi yönelimli grupla psikolojik danışmanın etkililiği. (Publication No. 363448). [Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Çolak, T.S., Koç, M., Eker, H. ve Düşünceli, B. (2017). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde affetme esnekliği ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Human Sciences 14(1). 63-73.
• Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329-335. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou0000063
• Denham, S. A., Neal, K., Wilson, B. J., Pickering, S., & Boyatzis, C. J. (2015). Emotional development and forgiveness in children: Emerging evidence. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of Forgiveness (pp. 127-142). New York, NY: Routledge.
• Eker, H. (2017). Affetme esnekliği kazandırma amaçlı bilişsel davranışçı yönelimli grupla psikolojik danışma uygulamasının ergenlerdeki umutsuzluk üzerindeki etkisi. (Publication No. 462302). [Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Enright (2005). Enright forgiveness inventory and annual. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden
• Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self‐forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107-126.
• Enright, R. D. (2019). Forgiveness is a choice: A step-by-step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
• Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. (2015). Forgiveness therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
• Enright, R. D., & Kittle, B. A. (1999). Forgiveness in psychology and law: The meeting of moral development and restorative justice. Fordham Urb. LJ, 27, 1621-1631.
• Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness and self- forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40, 107– 126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
• Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The Psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (pp. 46-62). Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
• Enright, R.D., & Coyle, C.T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness with psychological interventions. In E.L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness (pp. 139–161). Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
• Erkuş, A. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma sarmalı. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Ertürk, K. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinde affetme becerisi geliştirmeye yönelik psikoeğitim programının affetme ve yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkisi. (Publication No. 555976). [Master’s thesis, Sakarya University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Finkel, E. J., Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., & Hannon, P. A. (2002). Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 956–974. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.956
• Freedman, S. (2018). Forgiveness as an educational goal with at-risk adolescents. Journal of Moral Education, 47(4), 415-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1399869
• Freedman, S. R., & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.983
• Freedman, S., & Enright, R. D. (2017). The use of forgiveness therapy with female survivors of abuse. Journal of Women's Health Care, 6(3), 2167-0420. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0420.1000369
• Freedman, S., Enright, R. D., & Knutson, J. (2007). A progress report on the process model of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of Forgiveness (pp. 417-430). Routledge.
• Friedberg, J. P., Suchday, S., & Srinivas, V. S. (2009). Relationship between forgiveness and psychological and physiological indices in cardiac patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-008-9016-2
• Goldman, D. B., & Wade, N. G. (2012). Comparison of forgiveness and anger- reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 22(5), 604–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.692954
• Gordon, K. C., & Baucom, D. H. (1998). Understanding betrayals in marriage: A synthesized model of forgiveness. Family Process, 37(4), 425-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1998.00425.x
• Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2004). An integrative intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. Journal of Marital and Family therapy, 30(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01235.x
• Gordon, K.C. (2003). Forgiveness and marriage: Preliminary support for a measure based on a model of recovery from a marital betrayal. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31(3),179–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180301115
• Göregen, F. (2022). Değer odaklı manevi güçlenme ve bakım programının (domab) din eğitimi alan ergen bireylerin öfke ve affetme eğilimleri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. (Publication No. 747780). [Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Gültekin, A. (2023). Ruhsal hatalığı olan bireylere verilen pozitif psikoterapi temelli psikoeğitimin, affetme ve psikolojik iyi oluşa etkisi. (Publication No. 793020). [Doctoral dissertation, İnönü University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Hargrave, T. D. (1994). Families and forgiveness: A theoretical and therapeutic framework. The Family Journal, 2(4), 339-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480794024007
• Hargrave, T. D., & Sells, J. N. (1997). The development of a forgiveness scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1997.tb00230.x
• Harris, A. H., Luskin, F., Norman, S. B., Standard, S., Bruning, J., Evans, S., & Thoresen, C. E. (2006). Effects of a group forgiveness intervention on forgiveness, perceived stress, and trait‐anger. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 715-733. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20264
• Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Campbell, R., & Ha, J. H. (2008). Enhancing forgiveness: A group intervention for the elderly. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 52(1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634370802561901
• Jacinto, G. A., & Edwards, B. L. (2011). Therapeutic stages of forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 21(4), 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/15433714.2011.531215
• Jankowski, P. J., & Sandage, S. J. (2011). Meditative prayer, hope, adult attachment, and forgiveness: A proposed model. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(2), 115.-131. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0021601
• Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2018). Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008
• Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2020). The relationship between basic hope and depression: Forgiveness as a mediator. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 877-886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09759-w
• Karakaş, A. C. (2014). Gerçeklik terapisi yönelimli dini başa çıkma psikoeğitim programının affetme esnekliği, empati ve stresle başa çıkma üzerindeki etkisi. (Publication No. 380202). [Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson, K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-3665-2
• Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived?. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007
• Lawler-Row, K. A., Karremans, J. C., Scott, C., Edlis-Matityahou, M., & Edwards, L. (2008). Forgiveness, physiological reactivity and health: The role of anger. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 68(1), 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.01.001
• López, J., Serrano, M. I., Giménez, I., & Noriega, C. (2021). Forgiveness interventions for older adults: A review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(9), 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10091866
• Lundahl, B. W., Taylor, M. J., Stevenson, R., & Roberts, K. D. (2008). Process-Based Forgiveness Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(5), 465–478. doi:10.1177/1049731507313979
• Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(5), 663-665. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603925
• Marta, R. F., & Fernando, J. (2020). Dialectics of forgiveness between ethnic communities for West Kalimantan harmony. Jurnal The Messenger, 12(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v12i1.1408
• McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586-1603. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
• McCullough, M.C., & Worthington, E.L. (1995). Promoting forgiveness: A comparison of two brief psychoeducational groups with waiting list control. Counseling and Values, 40,(1) 55– 68. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1995.tb00387.x
• McCullough, M.C., Worthington, E.L., & Rachal, K.C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Change, 73,(2) 321–336. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.321
• McCullough, M.E. (2000). Forgiveness as human stenght: Theory, measurement and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43-45.
• McCullough, M.E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00147
• McCullough, M.E., Bellah, C.G., Kilpatrick, S.D. ve Johnson, J.L. (2001). Vegnefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being and the big five. Personality and Social Psychology, 27 (5), 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275008
• McCullough, M.E., Pargament, K.I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The psychology of forgiveness: history, conceptual issues, and overview. In McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 1-14). Guilford Press.
• Menahem, S., & Love, M. (2013). Forgiveness in psychotherapy: The key to healing. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 829-835. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22018
• Murat, L. (2021). Yaratıcı drama ile verilen iletişim becerileri eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin affetme ve kişilerarası ilişkileri üzerine etkisi. (Publication No. 686167). [Master’s thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Neng Lin, W., Enright, R., & Klatt, J. (2011). Forgiveness as character education for children and adolescents. Journal of Moral Education, 40(2), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2011.568106
• Noreen, S., Bierman, R. N., & MacLeod, M. D. (2014). Forgiving you is hard, but forgetting seems easy: can forgiveness facilitate forgetting?. Psychological Science, 25(7), 1295-1302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614531602
• Özgür, H., & Eldeleklioğlu, J. (2017). REACH affetme modelinin Türk kültürü üzerinde etkililiğinin incelenmesi. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 98-112.
• Parlak, S., & Öksüz- Gül, F. (2021). Psychodrama oriented group therapy for forgiveness in university students. The Arts in Psychotheraphy, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2021.101761
• Rusbult, C. E., Hannon, P. A., Stocker, S. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2005). Forgiveness and relational repair. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 185-205). Routledge.
• Rye, M. S., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart?. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 419-441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1153
• Scobie, E. D., & Scobie, G. E. W. (1998). Damaging events: The perceived need for forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 28(4), 373-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00081
• Sells, J. N., &Hargrave, T. D. (1998). Forgiveness: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Journal of Family Therapy, 20(2), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00066
• Seybold, K. S., Hill, P. C., Neumann, J. K., & Chi, D. S. (2001). Physiological and psychological correlates of forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 20(3), 250-259.
• Strelan, P., & Covic, T. (2006). A review of forgiveness process models and a coping framework to guide future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(10), 1059-1085.
• Şahin, M. (2023). Yaşamın son dönemindeki hastaların yakınlarına uygulanan affetme psikoeğitiminin affetme, ölüm kaygısı ve bakım yüklerine etkisi. (Publication No. 790432). [Doctoral dissertation, Aydın Adnan Menderes University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Taysi, E., & Vural, D. (2016). Forgiveness education for fourth grade students in Turkey. Child Indicators Research, 9, 1095-1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9364-9
• Tezcan-Yanar, S. (2023). Affetme eğilimini geliştirmeye yönelik psikoeğitim programının lise öğrencilerinin affetme düzeylerine etkisi. (Publication No. 801618). [Master’s thesis, Mersin University]. The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
• Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., & Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
• Toussaint, L. L., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Forgiveness, stress, and health: A 5-week dynamic parallel process study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(5), 727-735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9796-6
• Toussaint, L. L., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Everson, S. A. (2001). Forgiveness and health: Age differences in a US probability sample. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011394629736
• Toussaint, L. L., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Everson-Rose, S. A. (2008). Why forgiveness may protect against depression: Hopelessness as an explanatory mechanism. Personality and Mental Health, 2(2), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.35
• Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Theoretical and empirical connections between forgiveness, mental health, and well-being. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 349-362). New York, NY: Routledge.
• Vassilopoulos, S. P., Koutsoura, A., Brouzos, A., & Tamami, D. (2020). Promoting forgiveness in Greek preadolescents: A universal, school-based group intervention. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 48(5), 670-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1527285
• Vural-Batık, M., & Talay, N. (2021). The effect of a group psychoeducation program for improving forgiveness on the forgiveness levels of psychological counselor candidates. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 51, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.686232
• Wade, N. G. ve Meyer, J. E. (2009). Comparison of brief group interventions to promote forgiveness: A pilot outcome study. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 59(2), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2009.59.2.199
• Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2014). Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 154-170. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0035268
• Wai, S. T., & Yip, T. H. J. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being: Implication for interpersonal theory of depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 365-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.001
• Walker, D. F., & Gorsuch, R. L. (2002). Forgiveness within the Big Five personality model. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7), 1127-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00185-9
• Witvliet, C. V. O., Ludwig, T. E., & Laan, K. L. V. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science, 12(2), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00320
• Witvliet, C.V.O. (2005). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, and justice: Peripheral physiology findings. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 305-319). Routledge.
• Worthington Jr, E.L. (1998). The pyramid model of forgiveness: Some interdisciplinary speculations about unforgiveness and the promotion of forgiveness. In E.L. Worthington Jr (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp.107–137). Templeton Foundation Press.
• Worthington, E. L. (1998). Dimensions of forgiveness: A research approach. Templeton Foundation Press.
• Worthington, E. L. (2019). Understanding forgiveness of other people: Definitions, theories, and processes. In E. L.
• Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 11-21). Routledge.
• Worthington, E.L., Witvliet, C.V.O., Pietrini, P. & Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being: a review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9105-8
• Worthington, Jr. E. L. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. Crown.
• Wulandari, I., & Megawati, F. E. (2020, January). The role of forgiveness on psychological well-being in adolescents: A review. In 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) (pp. 99-103). Atlantis Press.
• Xie, X., Tang, X., Rapp, H., Tong, D., & Wang, P. (2020). Does forgiveness alleviate depression after being phubbed for emerging adults? The mediating role of self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 109, 106362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106362
• Záhorcová, L., Enright, R., & Halama, P. (2023). The effectiveness of a forgiveness intervention on mental health in bereaved parents—A Pilot Study. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 87(2), 614-631. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211024479