Earthquake Anxiety & Self-Compassion Skill: A Study on Their Demographic Differences & Relationships
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 212 - 232, 29.10.2024
Muzaffer Şahin
,
Didem Tetik Küçükelci
Öz
This study aims at analyzing the relationship between earthquake anxiety and self-compassion skill, while evaluating gender differences. Data from a total of 273 participants were used to assess the earthquake anxiety and self-compassion skill levels of the participants. The findings indicate that the earthquake anxiety is higher among women but the self-compassion skill is more apparent among men. In the reliability analysis performed for the earthquake anxiety and self-compassion skill measurements; Crohnbach’s alpha coefficients were used. Accordingly, the coefficients were calculated as (0.98) for earthquake anxiety scale and (0.84) for self-compassion scale. It was revealed that both scales had high reliability coefficients. Correlation analysis results indicate that the individuals with high earthquake anxiety have lower self-compassion skill. In addition, it was observed that the earthquake anxiety increased according to the risk magnitude, that is to say, it was found that the earthquake anxiety were more apparent in the individuals residing in the areas at high earthquake risk. The regression model established between self-compassion scale and earthquake anxiety scale were also found significant. These findings shed a light to the further studies to be performed to better understand the complex relationship between earthquake anxiety and self-compassion skill. This study makes an important contribution to the fact that psychological support services and crisis intervention programs can reach to the individuals more efficiently, taking the relationship between earthquake anxiety and self-compassion skill.
Kaynakça
- Akın, Ü., Akın, A., & Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Journal, 33, 1-10.
- Akkaya, Ç. (2011). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde algılanan sosyal destek ve öz-duyarlık düzeyleri. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Sakarya University Institute of Education Sciences, Sakarya.
- Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107-118.
- Andıç, S. (2013). Ergenlik döneminde zihni meşgul eden konularla ilişkili değişkenler: Bağlanma tarzları, öz-şefkat ve psikolojik belirtiler. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
- Aydın Sünbül, Z. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience among adolescents: mediating role of self-compassion and difficulties in emotion regulation. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Middle East Technical University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
- Bal, F., & Akgül, Ö. (2023). Deprem kaygısı ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(139), 77-96.
- Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2017). The role of self-compassion in predicting the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 232-244.
- Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
- Chang, S. E., Zhang, Y., & Park, C. C. (2015). The role of pre-and post-disaster social support in mitigating the impact of earthquakes on depression and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 188-194.
- Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self‐Compassion Scale. Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460-468.
- Çokgen, Z., Gökçe, F., & Yılmaz, V. (2018). Examination of earthquake anxiety levels and the affecting factors in individuals. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 90-96.
- Davis, C. E., & Brekke, J. S. (2014). Gender differences in anxiety and coping with stress. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(3), 327-339.
- Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-210.
- Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.
- Göksu, M., & Gençöz, T. (2017). The role of self-compassion in posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents following the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup1), 1358538.
- MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
- Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
- Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12.
- Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44.
- Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240.
- Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
- Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(3), 207-239.
- Özdemir, E., & Yıldırım, Y. (2020). The relationship between self-compassion and earthquake fear: The mediating role of existential anxiety. Current Psychology, 1-9.
- Özdoğan, F. B., & Kalemci Tüzün, İ. (2007). Öğrencilerin üniversitelerine duydukları güven üzerine bir araştırma. Kastamonu Education Journal, 15(2), 639-650.
- Pauley, G., & McPherson, S. (2010). The experience and meaning of compassion and self‐compassion for individuals with depression or anxiety. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(2), 129-143.
- Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
- Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
- Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2009). Mindfulness- and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in practice. Guilford Press.
- Rubin, J. B. (2013). Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an integration. Springer Science & Business Media.
Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2008). Self‐compassion and PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(6), 556-558.
- Thurman, R. A. (2006). Meditation and education: India, Tibet, and modern America. Teachers College Record, 108(9), 1765-1774.
- Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Shi, Z., Shen, J., & Li, M. (2013). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(2), 295-302.
- Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-520.
- Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 18(4), 2502-2517.
- Yiğit, Z. (2015). 13 - 18 yaş aralığındaki ergenlerde, problemli internet kullanımı, öz anlayış ve iletişim becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Istanbul Arel University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
- Zeller, M., & Yuval, K. (2019). Examining the relationship between self-compassion and earthquake anxiety: The mediating role of mindfulness. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 63, 45-52.
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 212 - 232, 29.10.2024
Muzaffer Şahin
,
Didem Tetik Küçükelci
Kaynakça
- Akın, Ü., Akın, A., & Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Journal, 33, 1-10.
- Akkaya, Ç. (2011). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde algılanan sosyal destek ve öz-duyarlık düzeyleri. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Sakarya University Institute of Education Sciences, Sakarya.
- Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107-118.
- Andıç, S. (2013). Ergenlik döneminde zihni meşgul eden konularla ilişkili değişkenler: Bağlanma tarzları, öz-şefkat ve psikolojik belirtiler. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
- Aydın Sünbül, Z. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience among adolescents: mediating role of self-compassion and difficulties in emotion regulation. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Middle East Technical University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
- Bal, F., & Akgül, Ö. (2023). Deprem kaygısı ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(139), 77-96.
- Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2017). The role of self-compassion in predicting the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 232-244.
- Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
- Chang, S. E., Zhang, Y., & Park, C. C. (2015). The role of pre-and post-disaster social support in mitigating the impact of earthquakes on depression and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 188-194.
- Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self‐Compassion Scale. Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460-468.
- Çokgen, Z., Gökçe, F., & Yılmaz, V. (2018). Examination of earthquake anxiety levels and the affecting factors in individuals. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 90-96.
- Davis, C. E., & Brekke, J. S. (2014). Gender differences in anxiety and coping with stress. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(3), 327-339.
- Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-210.
- Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.
- Göksu, M., & Gençöz, T. (2017). The role of self-compassion in posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents following the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup1), 1358538.
- MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
- Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
- Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12.
- Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44.
- Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240.
- Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
- Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(3), 207-239.
- Özdemir, E., & Yıldırım, Y. (2020). The relationship between self-compassion and earthquake fear: The mediating role of existential anxiety. Current Psychology, 1-9.
- Özdoğan, F. B., & Kalemci Tüzün, İ. (2007). Öğrencilerin üniversitelerine duydukları güven üzerine bir araştırma. Kastamonu Education Journal, 15(2), 639-650.
- Pauley, G., & McPherson, S. (2010). The experience and meaning of compassion and self‐compassion for individuals with depression or anxiety. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(2), 129-143.
- Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
- Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
- Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2009). Mindfulness- and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in practice. Guilford Press.
- Rubin, J. B. (2013). Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an integration. Springer Science & Business Media.
Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2008). Self‐compassion and PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(6), 556-558.
- Thurman, R. A. (2006). Meditation and education: India, Tibet, and modern America. Teachers College Record, 108(9), 1765-1774.
- Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Shi, Z., Shen, J., & Li, M. (2013). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(2), 295-302.
- Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-520.
- Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 18(4), 2502-2517.
- Yiğit, Z. (2015). 13 - 18 yaş aralığındaki ergenlerde, problemli internet kullanımı, öz anlayış ve iletişim becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Istanbul Arel University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
- Zeller, M., & Yuval, K. (2019). Examining the relationship between self-compassion and earthquake anxiety: The mediating role of mindfulness. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 63, 45-52.