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Bağışıklığı Baskılanmış Hastalarda Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Kliniğine Başvuran Cryptosporidium spp.: Genetik Karakterizasyon ve Halk Sağlığı Risk Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 107 - 115, 30.09.2025
https://izlik.org/JA46XM78NP

Öz

Cryptosporidium spp., özellikle bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış hastalar arasında önemli bir paraziter sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. HIV/AIDS ile yaşayan hastalar, organ nakli alıcıları ve kanser tedavisi gören (kemoterapi uygulanan) bireyler bu durumdan en çok etkilenen gruplar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu gruplar yalnızca enfeksiyona daha duyarlı olmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda enfeksiyonu daha uzun ve şiddetli seyirlerle yaşama eğilimindedir. Bulaşma esas olarak fekal-oral yolla gerçekleşse de, Cryptosporidium'un çeşitli ortamlardaki yaygınlığı ve zoonotik potansiyeli, etkili kontrol önlemlerinin uygulanmasını güçleştirmektedir. Son literatür, Cryptosporidium türleri arasında dikkat çekici düzeyde genetik çeşitlilik olduğunu ortaya koymuş ve bu durum enfeksiyon kaynaklarının izlenmesini ve konakçıya özgü dinamiklerin anlaşılmasını zorlaştırmıştır. Moleküler tanı alanında önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiş olsa da, bu tekniklerin rutin klinik ve halk sağlığı uygulamalarına entegrasyonu henüz tamamlanmamıştır. Bu derleme, 2019 ile 2025 yılları arasında yayımlanmış araştırmaları bir araya getirmekte olup; genetik karakterizasyon teknikleri, laboratuvar biyogüvenliği ile ilgili hususlar ve enfeksiyon önleme stratejilerine dair geniş kapsamlı etkiler üzerinde durmaktadır. Önemli gelişmeleri özetleyerek ve bilgi eksikliği bulunan alanları belirleyerek, bağışıklığı baskılanmış bireyleri korumaya yönelik daha hedefli ve etkili müdahalelere katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Proje Numarası

TYL-2024-11256

Kaynakça

  • [1] Aboelsoued, D., Abdullah, H. H., Megeed, K. N. A., Hassan, S. E., and Toaleb, N. I. (2022). Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice. Veterinary World, 15(12), 2772.
  • [2] Ahmed, S. A. A., Quattrocchi, A., and Karanis, P. (2021). Cryptosporidium sp. infection in solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens and Global Health, 118(4), 305–316. [3] Ahmadpour, E., Safarpour, H., Xiao, L., Zarean, M., Hatam-Nahavandi, K., Barac, A., ... Baghi, H. B. (2020). Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite, 27, 27.
  • [4] Audebert, C., Karamon, J., Rzeżutka, A., Guyot, K., Mammeri, M., Mickiewicz, M., ... Certad, G. (2020). Genetic basis for virulence differences of various Cryptosporidium parvum isolates. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 7316.
  • [5] Balendran, K., Kannathasan, S., Tharsan, A., Murugananthan, K., and Rajeshkannan, N. (2024). Cryptosporidiosis in a zoonotic gastrointestinal disorder perspective. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13(1), 1–13.
  • [6] Baptista, R. P., Cooper, G. W., and Kissinger, J. C. (2021). Challenges for Cryptosporidium population studies. Genes, 12(6), 894.
  • [7] Borad, A., and Ward, H. (2010). Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis. Future Microbiology, 5(3), 507–519.
  • [8] Boughattas, S., El-Mouzan, M., Al-Naemi, A., and Al-Qahtani, M. (2023). Environmental factors associated with Cryptosporidium in MENA water systems. Environmental Health Insights, 17, 11786302231162113.
  • [9] Bouzid, M., Kintz, E., and Hunter, P. R. (2018). Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(6), e0006553.
  • [10] Bouzid, M., Hunter, P. R., Chalmers, R. M., and Tyler, K. M. (2013). Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 26(1), 115–134.
  • [11] Cacciò, S. M., and Chalmers, R. M. (2016). Human cryptosporidiosis in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(6), 471–480.
  • [12] Cama, V., Gilman, R. H., Vivar, A., Ticona, E., Ortega, Y., Bern, C., and Xiao, L. (2006). Mixed Cryptosporidium infections and HIV. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(6), 1025–1028.
  • [13] Chalmers, R. M., and Katzer, F. (2013). Looking for Cryptosporidium: The application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends in Parasitology, 29(5), 237–251.
  • [14] Colford, J. M., Tager, I. B., Hirozawa, A. M., Lemp, G. F., Aragon, T., and Petersen, C. (1996). Cryptosporidiosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Factors related to symptomatic infection and survival. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(9), 807–816.
  • [15] Costa, D., Soulieux, L., Razakandrainibe, R., Basmaciyan, L., Gargala, G., Valot, S., Dalle, F., and Favennec, L. (2021). Comparative performance of eight PCR methods to detect Cryptosporidium species. Pathogens, 10(6), 647.

Cryptosporidium spp. in Immunocompromised Patients Attending the Infectious Diseases Clinic: Genetic Characterization and Public Health Risk Assessment

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 107 - 115, 30.09.2025
https://izlik.org/JA46XM78NP

Öz

Cryptosporidium spp. remain a significant parasitic concern, particularly among patients with compromised immune function. Among those most affected are patients living with HIV/AIDS, recipients of organ transplants, and individuals undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. These groups are not only more susceptible to infection but also often experience prolonged and severe disease courses. Although transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, the ubiquity of Cryptosporidium in various environments, along with its zoonotic potential, presents significant challenges for effective containment. Recent literature has revealed a striking degree of genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium species, complicating efforts to trace infection sources and understand host-specific dynamics. Despite advancements in molecular diagnostics, their integration into routine clinical and public health workflows remains incomplete. This review brings together research published between 2019 and 2025, with an emphasis on genetic characterization techniques, laboratory biosafety concerns, and broader implications for infection prevention strategies. By outlining key developments and identifying areas where knowledge remains limited, this work aims to inform more targeted and effective interventions for safeguarding immunocompromised populations.

Destekleyen Kurum

Marmara Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

TYL-2024-11256

Teşekkür

This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Marmara University under project number TYL-2024-11256

Kaynakça

  • [1] Aboelsoued, D., Abdullah, H. H., Megeed, K. N. A., Hassan, S. E., and Toaleb, N. I. (2022). Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice. Veterinary World, 15(12), 2772.
  • [2] Ahmed, S. A. A., Quattrocchi, A., and Karanis, P. (2021). Cryptosporidium sp. infection in solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens and Global Health, 118(4), 305–316. [3] Ahmadpour, E., Safarpour, H., Xiao, L., Zarean, M., Hatam-Nahavandi, K., Barac, A., ... Baghi, H. B. (2020). Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite, 27, 27.
  • [4] Audebert, C., Karamon, J., Rzeżutka, A., Guyot, K., Mammeri, M., Mickiewicz, M., ... Certad, G. (2020). Genetic basis for virulence differences of various Cryptosporidium parvum isolates. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 7316.
  • [5] Balendran, K., Kannathasan, S., Tharsan, A., Murugananthan, K., and Rajeshkannan, N. (2024). Cryptosporidiosis in a zoonotic gastrointestinal disorder perspective. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13(1), 1–13.
  • [6] Baptista, R. P., Cooper, G. W., and Kissinger, J. C. (2021). Challenges for Cryptosporidium population studies. Genes, 12(6), 894.
  • [7] Borad, A., and Ward, H. (2010). Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis. Future Microbiology, 5(3), 507–519.
  • [8] Boughattas, S., El-Mouzan, M., Al-Naemi, A., and Al-Qahtani, M. (2023). Environmental factors associated with Cryptosporidium in MENA water systems. Environmental Health Insights, 17, 11786302231162113.
  • [9] Bouzid, M., Kintz, E., and Hunter, P. R. (2018). Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(6), e0006553.
  • [10] Bouzid, M., Hunter, P. R., Chalmers, R. M., and Tyler, K. M. (2013). Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 26(1), 115–134.
  • [11] Cacciò, S. M., and Chalmers, R. M. (2016). Human cryptosporidiosis in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(6), 471–480.
  • [12] Cama, V., Gilman, R. H., Vivar, A., Ticona, E., Ortega, Y., Bern, C., and Xiao, L. (2006). Mixed Cryptosporidium infections and HIV. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(6), 1025–1028.
  • [13] Chalmers, R. M., and Katzer, F. (2013). Looking for Cryptosporidium: The application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends in Parasitology, 29(5), 237–251.
  • [14] Colford, J. M., Tager, I. B., Hirozawa, A. M., Lemp, G. F., Aragon, T., and Petersen, C. (1996). Cryptosporidiosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Factors related to symptomatic infection and survival. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(9), 807–816.
  • [15] Costa, D., Soulieux, L., Razakandrainibe, R., Basmaciyan, L., Gargala, G., Valot, S., Dalle, F., and Favennec, L. (2021). Comparative performance of eight PCR methods to detect Cryptosporidium species. Pathogens, 10(6), 647.
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Halk Sağlığı (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Abudureyimu Miriguli 0009-0001-5158-3176

Salar Zarrabi Ahrabi 0000-0003-3543-061X

Proje Numarası TYL-2024-11256
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
IZ https://izlik.org/JA46XM78NP
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Miriguli, A., & Zarrabi Ahrabi, S. (2025). Cryptosporidium spp. in Immunocompromised Patients Attending the Infectious Diseases Clinic: Genetic Characterization and Public Health Risk Assessment. Journal of Health Sciences and Management, 5(3), 107-115. https://izlik.org/JA46XM78NP