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Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 83 - 89, 18.12.2015

Öz

Üriner inkontinans istemsiz idrar kaçırma olarak tanımlanır. Her yaş grubundan kadını etkileyebilen bu durum hastanın günlük yaşamında ciddi sıkıntılar meydana getirmektedir. Üriner inkontinans, stres üriner inkontinans, urge üriner inkontinans,miks üriner inkontinans ve aşırı aktif mesane olmak üzere alt gruplara ayrılır. Üriner inkontinans insidansı yaşlabirlikte artar ve stres üriner inkontinans genç kadınlarda daha sık görülür. Bu çalışma bu konuda son uluslararası literatür verileri karşılaştırılarak yapılmıştır. Bu yazının amacı üriner inkontinans medikal tedavisi hakkında genel bir bakış vermektir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of
  • lower urinary tract function. Report from the standardisation committee of
  • the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodynam 2002;21:167–
  • -
  • Rortveit G, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence and age at the first and last
  • delivery: the Norwegian HUNT/EPINCONT study. Am J Obstet Gynecol
  • ;195(2):433Y438.
  • Urinary incontinence in women: the management of urinary incontinence in
  • women. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health.
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, September 2013.
  • Thüroff JW, Abrams P, Andersson KE, et al. EAU guidelines on urinary
  • incontinence. Eur Urol 2011;59(3):387-400.
  • McGrother CW, Donaldson MM, Hayward T, et al. Urinary storage
  • symptoms and comorbidities: a prospective population cohort study in
  • middle-aged and older women. Age and Ageing 2006;35(1):16–24.
  • Minassian VA, Drutz HP, Al-Badr A. Urinary incontinence as a worldwide
  • problem. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
  • ;82(3):327–38.
  • Shamliyan T,Wyman JF, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Benefits and harms of
  • pharmacologic treatment for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic
  • review. Ann Intern Med 2012;156(12):861-874.
  • Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, et al. The effects of antimuscarinic
  • treatments in overactive bladder: an update of a systematic review and
  • meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2008;54:543Y562.
  • Cipullo LM, Zullo F, Cosimato C, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Troisi J, Guida M.
  • Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence.Female Pelvic Med
  • Reconstr Surg. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):185-202.
  • Cipullo LM, Cosimato C, Filippelli A, Conti V, Izzo V, Zullo F, Guida
  • M.Pharmacological approach to overactive bladder and urge urinary
  • incontinence in women: an overview.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
  • Mar;174:27-34.
  • Cardozo L, Hebdorfer E, Milani R, et al. Solifenacin in the treatment of
  • urgency and other symptoms of overactive bladder; results from a
  • randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, rising dose trial. BJU Int
  • ;102:1120–7.
  • Haab F, Cardozo L, Chapple C, Ridder AM, Solifenacin Study Group.
  • Long-term open label solifenacin treatment associated with persistence
  • with therapy in patients with overactive bladder syndrome. Eur Urol
  • ;47:376–84.
  • Cardozo L, Dixon A. Increased warning time with Darifenacin: a new
  • concept in the management of urinary urgency. J Urol 2005;173:1214–8.
  • Siddighi S, Chuan S. Medicine used in urogynecology. In: Siddighi S,
  • Hardesty JS, eds. Urogynecology and Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery:
  • Just the Facts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill-Medical Publishing Division;
  • -
  • Nilvebrant L, Andersson K-E, Gillberg P-G, Stahl M, Sparf B. Tolterodine—a
  • new bladder selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;327:195–
  • -
  • Nilvebrant L, Halle´n B, Larsson G, et al. TolterodineVa new bladder selective
  • muscarinic receptor antagonist: preclinical pharmacological and clinical
  • data. Life Sci 1997;60(13-14):1129-1136.
  • Madhuvrata P, Cody JD, Ellis G, et al. Which anticholinergic drug for
  • overactive bladder symptoms in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  • ;1:CD005429.
  • Appell RA. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of
  • overactive bladder: a poled analysis. Urology 1997;50:90–6.
  • Swift S, Garely A, Dimpfl T, Payne C, Tolterodine Study Group. A new
  • once daily formulation of tolterodine provides superior efficacy an is well
  • tolerated in women with overactive bladder. Int J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct
  • ;14(1):50–4.
  • Diokno AC, Appell RA, Sand PK, et al. Prospective, randomised, double blind
  • study of the efficacy and tolerability of the extended-release formulations
  • of oxybutynin and tolterodine for overactive bladder: results of the OPERA
  • trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78(6):687–95.
  • Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Richter R, Burgdorfer H, Hachen HJ, Murtz
  • G. Trospium chloride versus oxybutynin: a randomized, double-blind,
  • multicentre trial in the treatment of detrusor hyper-reflexia. Br J Urol
  • ;75:452– 6.
  • Osca JM, Martinez-Agullo E, Broseta E, et al. Trospium chloride versus
  • oxybutynin in the treatment of bladder neurological disorders: a double
  • blind randomized clinical trial [Abstract]. Br J Urol 1997;80(Suppl 2):12.
  • Alabaster VA. Discovery and development of selective M3 antagonists for
  • clinical use. Life Sci 1997;60(13-14):1053-1060
  • Haab F, Stewart L, Dwyer P. Darifenacin an M3 selective receptor
  • antagonist, is an effective and well-tolerated once-daily treatment for
  • overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2004 Apr;45(4):420–9.
  • Novara G, Galfano A, Secco S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis
  • of randomized controlled trials with antimuscarinic drugs for overactive
  • bladder. Eur Urol 2008;54:740–64.
  • Chapple CR. Darifenacin is well tolerated and provides significant
  • improvement in the symptoms of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis of
  • phase III studies. J Urol 2004;171(Suppl):130 [abstract 487].
  • Ginsberg D, Schneider T, Kelleher C, et al. Efficacy of fesoterodine
  • compared with extended-release tolterodine in men and women with
  • overactive bladder. BJU Int 2013;112:373–85.
  • Chapple CR, Van Kerrebroeck PE, Junemann KP, Wang JT, Brodsky M.
  • Comparison of Fesoterodine and tolterodine in patients with overactive
  • bladder. BJU Int 2008;102:1128–32.
  • Madhuvrata P, Cody JD, Ellis G, et al. Which anticholinergic drug for
  • overactive bladder symptoms in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  • ;1:CD005429.5-31
  • Andersson KE, Chapple CR, Cardozo L, et al. Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. ICS guidelines 2009.In: 4th international consultation
  • on incontinence. Curr Opin Urol 2009;19:380–94.
  • Siddighi S, Hardesty JS, editors. Urogynecology and female pelvic
  • reconstructive surgery: just the facts. New York: McGraw-Hill – Medical
  • Publishing Division; 2006
  • Jumadilova Z, Varadharajan S, Girase P, Ollendorf DA. Retrospectiveevaluation of outcomes in patients with overactive bladder receiving
  • tolterodine versus oxybutynin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006;63:2357–64.
  • Robinson D, Cardozo L. New drug treatments for urinary incontinence.
  • Maturitas 2010;65:340–7.
  • Dmochowski RR, Sand PK, Zinner NR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety
  • of transdermal oxybutynin and oral tolterodine versus placebo in previously
  • treated patients with urge and mixed urinary incontinence. Urology
  • ;62(2):237–42.
  • Staskin DR, Dmochowski RR, Sand PK, et al. Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin
  • chloride topical gel for overactive bladder: a randomised, double blind,
  • placebo controlled, multicentre study. J Urol 2009;181:1764–72.
  • Chapple CR, Arano P, Bosch JL, De Ridder D, Kramer AE, Ridder
  • AM. Solifenacin appears effective and well tolerated in patients with
  • symptomatic idiopathic detrusor overactivity in a placebo and tolterodine
  • controlled phase II dosefinding study. BJU Int 2004;93:71–7.
  • Robinson D, Cardozo L, Terpstra G, et al. A randomized double-blind
  • placebo-controlled multicentre study to explore the efficacy and safety of
  • tamsulosin and tolterodine in women with overactive bladder syndrome.
  • BJU Int 2007;100(4):840Y845.
  • Sanford M. Mirabegron: a review of its use in patients with overactive
  • bladder syndrome. Drugs 2013;73:1213–25.
  • Tyagi P, Tyagi V, Chancellor M. Mirabegron: a safety review. Expert Opin
  • Drug Saf 2011;10:287–94.
  • Caremel R, Loutochin O, Corcos J. What do we know and not know about
  • mirabegron, a novel b3 agonist, in the treatment of overactive bladder? Int
  • Urogynecol J. 2014 Feb;25(2):165-70.
  • Nitti VW, Auerbach S, Martin N, et al. Results of a randomized phase III
  • trial of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol 2012;S0022-
  • (12): 05216-05210
  • Chapple CR, Kaplan SA, Mitcheson D, et al. Randomized double-blind,
  • active-controlled phase 3 study to assess 12-month safety and efficacy of
  • mirabegron, a A(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in overactive bladder. Eur Urol
  • ;63(2):296-305.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA News Release [FDA web site].
  • August 25, 2011. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ News Events/
  • Newsroom/ Press Announcements/ ucm 269509 .htm. Accessed August
  • , 2012.
  • Allergan. Long term follow-up study of safety and efficacy of botulinum
  • toxin type A for the treatment of patients with idiopathic overactive bladder
  • with urinary incontinence. Last update January 17, 2012.
  • de Groat WC. A neurologic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology
  • ;50(6A Suppl):36Y52; discussion 53.
  • Chai TC, Gray ML, Steers WD. The incidence of a positive ice water test in
  • bladder outlet obstructed patients: evidence for bladder neural plasticity. J
  • Urol 1998;160(1):34. 3-7.
  • Lazzeri M, Spinelli M, Beneforti P, et al. Intravesical resiniferatoxin for the
  • treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia refractory to capsaicin in patients with
  • chronic spinal cord diseases. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1998;32(5):331.
  • Silva C, Ribeiro MJ, Cruz F. The effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin in
  • patients with idiopathic detrusor instability suggests that involuntary
  • detrusor contractions are triggered by C-fiber input. J Urol 2002;168(2):575.
  • Thor KB, Katofiasc MA. Effects of Duloxetine, a combined serotonin and
  • norepineephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower
  • urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetised female cat. J Pharmacol
  • Exp Ther 1995;274:1014–24.
  • Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC, Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence
  • Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary
  • incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;187(1):40–8.
  • Millard R, Moore K, Yalcin I, Bump R. Duloxetine vs. placebo in the
  • treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a global phase III study. Neurourol
  • Urodynam 2003;22:482–3.
  • Baldessarini KJ. Drugs in the treatment of psychhiatric disorders. In: Gilman,
  • et al., editors. The pharmacological basis of theraputics. 7th ed. McMillan
  • Publishing Co.; 1985. p. 387–445.
  • Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Gulati RS. Double-blind study of imipramine
  • and placebo for incontinence due to bladder instability. Age Aging
  • ;15:299–303.
  • Saks EK, Arya LA. Pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence,
  • voiding dysfunction, and overactive bladder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am
  • ;36(3):493-507.
  • Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary
  • incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  • ;10:CD001405

Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 83 - 89, 18.12.2015

Öz

Urinary incontinence is defi ned as involuntary leakage of urine. This situation may effect all age groups women and constitute serious problems that may affect the patient's daily life. Urinary incontinence is divided into sub-groups, including stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence, mixed urinary incontinence and overactive bladder. The incidence of urinary incontinence increases with age and while stress urinary incontinence is more common in younger women. The study was conducted by comparing the data of the recent international literature on this topic. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the pharmacotherapy of urinary incontinence 

Kaynakça

  • Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of
  • lower urinary tract function. Report from the standardisation committee of
  • the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodynam 2002;21:167–
  • -
  • Rortveit G, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence and age at the first and last
  • delivery: the Norwegian HUNT/EPINCONT study. Am J Obstet Gynecol
  • ;195(2):433Y438.
  • Urinary incontinence in women: the management of urinary incontinence in
  • women. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health.
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, September 2013.
  • Thüroff JW, Abrams P, Andersson KE, et al. EAU guidelines on urinary
  • incontinence. Eur Urol 2011;59(3):387-400.
  • McGrother CW, Donaldson MM, Hayward T, et al. Urinary storage
  • symptoms and comorbidities: a prospective population cohort study in
  • middle-aged and older women. Age and Ageing 2006;35(1):16–24.
  • Minassian VA, Drutz HP, Al-Badr A. Urinary incontinence as a worldwide
  • problem. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
  • ;82(3):327–38.
  • Shamliyan T,Wyman JF, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Benefits and harms of
  • pharmacologic treatment for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic
  • review. Ann Intern Med 2012;156(12):861-874.
  • Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, et al. The effects of antimuscarinic
  • treatments in overactive bladder: an update of a systematic review and
  • meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2008;54:543Y562.
  • Cipullo LM, Zullo F, Cosimato C, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Troisi J, Guida M.
  • Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence.Female Pelvic Med
  • Reconstr Surg. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):185-202.
  • Cipullo LM, Cosimato C, Filippelli A, Conti V, Izzo V, Zullo F, Guida
  • M.Pharmacological approach to overactive bladder and urge urinary
  • incontinence in women: an overview.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
  • Mar;174:27-34.
  • Cardozo L, Hebdorfer E, Milani R, et al. Solifenacin in the treatment of
  • urgency and other symptoms of overactive bladder; results from a
  • randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, rising dose trial. BJU Int
  • ;102:1120–7.
  • Haab F, Cardozo L, Chapple C, Ridder AM, Solifenacin Study Group.
  • Long-term open label solifenacin treatment associated with persistence
  • with therapy in patients with overactive bladder syndrome. Eur Urol
  • ;47:376–84.
  • Cardozo L, Dixon A. Increased warning time with Darifenacin: a new
  • concept in the management of urinary urgency. J Urol 2005;173:1214–8.
  • Siddighi S, Chuan S. Medicine used in urogynecology. In: Siddighi S,
  • Hardesty JS, eds. Urogynecology and Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery:
  • Just the Facts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill-Medical Publishing Division;
  • -
  • Nilvebrant L, Andersson K-E, Gillberg P-G, Stahl M, Sparf B. Tolterodine—a
  • new bladder selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;327:195–
  • -
  • Nilvebrant L, Halle´n B, Larsson G, et al. TolterodineVa new bladder selective
  • muscarinic receptor antagonist: preclinical pharmacological and clinical
  • data. Life Sci 1997;60(13-14):1129-1136.
  • Madhuvrata P, Cody JD, Ellis G, et al. Which anticholinergic drug for
  • overactive bladder symptoms in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  • ;1:CD005429.
  • Appell RA. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of
  • overactive bladder: a poled analysis. Urology 1997;50:90–6.
  • Swift S, Garely A, Dimpfl T, Payne C, Tolterodine Study Group. A new
  • once daily formulation of tolterodine provides superior efficacy an is well
  • tolerated in women with overactive bladder. Int J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct
  • ;14(1):50–4.
  • Diokno AC, Appell RA, Sand PK, et al. Prospective, randomised, double blind
  • study of the efficacy and tolerability of the extended-release formulations
  • of oxybutynin and tolterodine for overactive bladder: results of the OPERA
  • trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78(6):687–95.
  • Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Richter R, Burgdorfer H, Hachen HJ, Murtz
  • G. Trospium chloride versus oxybutynin: a randomized, double-blind,
  • multicentre trial in the treatment of detrusor hyper-reflexia. Br J Urol
  • ;75:452– 6.
  • Osca JM, Martinez-Agullo E, Broseta E, et al. Trospium chloride versus
  • oxybutynin in the treatment of bladder neurological disorders: a double
  • blind randomized clinical trial [Abstract]. Br J Urol 1997;80(Suppl 2):12.
  • Alabaster VA. Discovery and development of selective M3 antagonists for
  • clinical use. Life Sci 1997;60(13-14):1053-1060
  • Haab F, Stewart L, Dwyer P. Darifenacin an M3 selective receptor
  • antagonist, is an effective and well-tolerated once-daily treatment for
  • overactive bladder. Eur Urol 2004 Apr;45(4):420–9.
  • Novara G, Galfano A, Secco S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis
  • of randomized controlled trials with antimuscarinic drugs for overactive
  • bladder. Eur Urol 2008;54:740–64.
  • Chapple CR. Darifenacin is well tolerated and provides significant
  • improvement in the symptoms of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis of
  • phase III studies. J Urol 2004;171(Suppl):130 [abstract 487].
  • Ginsberg D, Schneider T, Kelleher C, et al. Efficacy of fesoterodine
  • compared with extended-release tolterodine in men and women with
  • overactive bladder. BJU Int 2013;112:373–85.
  • Chapple CR, Van Kerrebroeck PE, Junemann KP, Wang JT, Brodsky M.
  • Comparison of Fesoterodine and tolterodine in patients with overactive
  • bladder. BJU Int 2008;102:1128–32.
  • Madhuvrata P, Cody JD, Ellis G, et al. Which anticholinergic drug for
  • overactive bladder symptoms in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  • ;1:CD005429.5-31
  • Andersson KE, Chapple CR, Cardozo L, et al. Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. ICS guidelines 2009.In: 4th international consultation
  • on incontinence. Curr Opin Urol 2009;19:380–94.
  • Siddighi S, Hardesty JS, editors. Urogynecology and female pelvic
  • reconstructive surgery: just the facts. New York: McGraw-Hill – Medical
  • Publishing Division; 2006
  • Jumadilova Z, Varadharajan S, Girase P, Ollendorf DA. Retrospectiveevaluation of outcomes in patients with overactive bladder receiving
  • tolterodine versus oxybutynin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006;63:2357–64.
  • Robinson D, Cardozo L. New drug treatments for urinary incontinence.
  • Maturitas 2010;65:340–7.
  • Dmochowski RR, Sand PK, Zinner NR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety
  • of transdermal oxybutynin and oral tolterodine versus placebo in previously
  • treated patients with urge and mixed urinary incontinence. Urology
  • ;62(2):237–42.
  • Staskin DR, Dmochowski RR, Sand PK, et al. Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin
  • chloride topical gel for overactive bladder: a randomised, double blind,
  • placebo controlled, multicentre study. J Urol 2009;181:1764–72.
  • Chapple CR, Arano P, Bosch JL, De Ridder D, Kramer AE, Ridder
  • AM. Solifenacin appears effective and well tolerated in patients with
  • symptomatic idiopathic detrusor overactivity in a placebo and tolterodine
  • controlled phase II dosefinding study. BJU Int 2004;93:71–7.
  • Robinson D, Cardozo L, Terpstra G, et al. A randomized double-blind
  • placebo-controlled multicentre study to explore the efficacy and safety of
  • tamsulosin and tolterodine in women with overactive bladder syndrome.
  • BJU Int 2007;100(4):840Y845.
  • Sanford M. Mirabegron: a review of its use in patients with overactive
  • bladder syndrome. Drugs 2013;73:1213–25.
  • Tyagi P, Tyagi V, Chancellor M. Mirabegron: a safety review. Expert Opin
  • Drug Saf 2011;10:287–94.
  • Caremel R, Loutochin O, Corcos J. What do we know and not know about
  • mirabegron, a novel b3 agonist, in the treatment of overactive bladder? Int
  • Urogynecol J. 2014 Feb;25(2):165-70.
  • Nitti VW, Auerbach S, Martin N, et al. Results of a randomized phase III
  • trial of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder. J Urol 2012;S0022-
  • (12): 05216-05210
  • Chapple CR, Kaplan SA, Mitcheson D, et al. Randomized double-blind,
  • active-controlled phase 3 study to assess 12-month safety and efficacy of
  • mirabegron, a A(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, in overactive bladder. Eur Urol
  • ;63(2):296-305.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA News Release [FDA web site].
  • August 25, 2011. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ News Events/
  • Newsroom/ Press Announcements/ ucm 269509 .htm. Accessed August
  • , 2012.
  • Allergan. Long term follow-up study of safety and efficacy of botulinum
  • toxin type A for the treatment of patients with idiopathic overactive bladder
  • with urinary incontinence. Last update January 17, 2012.
  • de Groat WC. A neurologic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology
  • ;50(6A Suppl):36Y52; discussion 53.
  • Chai TC, Gray ML, Steers WD. The incidence of a positive ice water test in
  • bladder outlet obstructed patients: evidence for bladder neural plasticity. J
  • Urol 1998;160(1):34. 3-7.
  • Lazzeri M, Spinelli M, Beneforti P, et al. Intravesical resiniferatoxin for the
  • treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia refractory to capsaicin in patients with
  • chronic spinal cord diseases. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1998;32(5):331.
  • Silva C, Ribeiro MJ, Cruz F. The effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin in
  • patients with idiopathic detrusor instability suggests that involuntary
  • detrusor contractions are triggered by C-fiber input. J Urol 2002;168(2):575.
  • Thor KB, Katofiasc MA. Effects of Duloxetine, a combined serotonin and
  • norepineephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower
  • urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetised female cat. J Pharmacol
  • Exp Ther 1995;274:1014–24.
  • Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC, Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence
  • Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary
  • incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;187(1):40–8.
  • Millard R, Moore K, Yalcin I, Bump R. Duloxetine vs. placebo in the
  • treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a global phase III study. Neurourol
  • Urodynam 2003;22:482–3.
  • Baldessarini KJ. Drugs in the treatment of psychhiatric disorders. In: Gilman,
  • et al., editors. The pharmacological basis of theraputics. 7th ed. McMillan
  • Publishing Co.; 1985. p. 387–445.
  • Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Gulati RS. Double-blind study of imipramine
  • and placebo for incontinence due to bladder instability. Age Aging
  • ;15:299–303.
  • Saks EK, Arya LA. Pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence,
  • voiding dysfunction, and overactive bladder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am
  • ;36(3):493-507.
  • Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary
  • incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  • ;10:CD001405
Toplam 169 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Sühha Bostancı Bu kişi benim

Selçuk Özden Bu kişi benim

Orhan Ünal Bu kişi benim

Arif Serhan Cevrioğlu Bu kişi benim

Nermin Akdemir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bostancı, M. S., Özden, S., Ünal, O., Cevrioğlu, A. S., vd. (2015). Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi. Journal of Human Rhythm, 1(3), 83-89.
AMA Bostancı MS, Özden S, Ünal O, Cevrioğlu AS, Akdemir N. Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi. Journal of Human Rhythm. Aralık 2015;1(3):83-89.
Chicago Bostancı, Mehmet Sühha, Selçuk Özden, Orhan Ünal, Arif Serhan Cevrioğlu, ve Nermin Akdemir. “Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi”. Journal of Human Rhythm 1, sy. 3 (Aralık 2015): 83-89.
EndNote Bostancı MS, Özden S, Ünal O, Cevrioğlu AS, Akdemir N (01 Aralık 2015) Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi. Journal of Human Rhythm 1 3 83–89.
IEEE M. S. Bostancı, S. Özden, O. Ünal, A. S. Cevrioğlu, ve N. Akdemir, “Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi”, Journal of Human Rhythm, c. 1, sy. 3, ss. 83–89, 2015.
ISNAD Bostancı, Mehmet Sühha vd. “Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi”. Journal of Human Rhythm 1/3 (Aralık 2015), 83-89.
JAMA Bostancı MS, Özden S, Ünal O, Cevrioğlu AS, Akdemir N. Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2015;1:83–89.
MLA Bostancı, Mehmet Sühha vd. “Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi”. Journal of Human Rhythm, c. 1, sy. 3, 2015, ss. 83-89.
Vancouver Bostancı MS, Özden S, Ünal O, Cevrioğlu AS, Akdemir N. Üriner İnkontinans Medikal Tedavisi. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2015;1(3):83-9.