Contributions of Biological Ponds in the Climate Change Adaptation Process and Planning/Design Principles

Öz

Historically, water structures and ponds have played an important role as spatial reflections of human–nature interactions. Today, biological ponds emerge as sustainable landscape components designed within ecosystem-based approaches, supporting natural water cycles and contributing to climate change adaptation. This study aims to examine the role of biological ponds in climate change adaptation and to evaluate their planning and design principles. Site selection, plant species preferences, technical requirements, and the advantages and limitations of these systems are discussed, along with their functions in sustainable water management, biodiversity enhancement, and microclimate regulation. Additionally, the integration of ecological and technical factors in the design process and its impact on long-term performance and adaptation capacity are evaluated. In conclusion, biological ponds are not only aesthetic or recreational elements but also multifunctional ecological infrastructure components, where a holistic approach in planning and design is critical.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biological Ponds
• Climate Change
• Sustainable Water Management
• Landscape Planning
• Landscape Design.

Etik Beyan

This article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. No ethics committee approval was required for this study.

Biyolojik Havuzların İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Sürecine Katkıları ve Planlama/Tasarım İlkeleri

Öz

Tarihsel olarak, su yapıları ve göletler, insan-doğa etkileşimlerinin mekânsal yansımaları olarak önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Günümüzde biyolojik göletler, ekosistem temelli yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde tasarlanan, doğal su döngülerini destekleyen ve iklim değişikliğine uyum sürecine katkıda bulunan sürdürülebilir peyzaj bileşenleri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, biyolojik göletlerin iklim değişikliğine uyumdaki rolünü incelemek ve bunların planlama ve tasarım ilkelerini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sürdürülebilir su yönetimi, biyolojik çeşitliliğin artırılması ve mikroiklim düzenlemesindeki işlevlerinin yanı sıra, yer seçimi, bitki türü tercihleri, teknik gereklilikler ile bu sistemlerin avantajları ve sınırlamaları ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, tasarım sürecinde ekolojik ve teknik faktörlerin entegrasyonu ile bunun uzun vadeli performans ve uyum kapasitesi üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, biyolojik göletler yalnızca estetik veya rekreasyonel unsurlar değil, aynı zamanda çok işlevli ekolojik altyapı bileşenleridir ve bu bağlamda planlama ve tasarımda bütüncül bir yaklaşım hayati önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik Göletler
• İklim Değişikliği
• Sürdürülebilir Su Yönetimi
• Peyzaj Planlaması
• Peyzaj Tasarımı.

Etik Beyan

This article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. No ethics committee approval was required for this study.

Kaynakça

1. Ahmad, A.K., Shuhaimi-Othman, M., & Hoon, L.P. (2010). Heavy metal concentrations in Fanworth (Cabomba furcata) plants in Lake Chini, Malaysia. World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology. International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 5.
2. Akten, S., Gül, A., Dündar, H. B. (2025). The Importance and Relationship of Land Uses in the Process of Mitigating Climate Change Impacts. 1st International Congress on Nature & Environment Conservation and Protected Areas, October 29–30–31, 2025, Demre (Antalya, Turkey) https://www.iksadkongre.com/inecpac, pp. 482–495. ISBN: 979-8-89695-258-9, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17923475
3. Bunluesin, S., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P., Lanza, G., Upatham, E., & Soonthornsarathool, V. (2004). Plant screening and comparison of Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata for cadmium accumulation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2004, 73, 591–598.
4. Clyde Smith, D., & Campos, L. C. (2023). Engineering hydroponic systems for sustainable wastewater treatment and plant growth. Applied Sciences, 13(14), 8032. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148032
5. Çakmakçı, R. (2005). The importance of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in plant growth. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 19(35), 93-108. Dolphen, R. & Thiravetyan, P. (2015). Phytodegradation of Ethanolamines by Cyperus alternifolius: Effect of Molecular Size. International Journal of Phytoremediation, Volume 17, 2015 - Issue 7.
6. El-Khatib, A. A., Hegazy, A. K., & Abo-El-Kassem, A. M. (2014). Bioaccumulation potential and physiological responses of aquatic macrophytes to Pb pollution. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16(1), 29–45.
7. Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality. (2016). Recreation areas. https://gantep.bel.tr/sayfa/mesire-yerleri-38 (Accessed May 20, 2025)
8. Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., & Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting cities to climate change: the role of green infrastructure. The Built Environment, 33 (1), 115–133.

9. Gül, A., & Gül, H. E. (2020). Ecological approaches using aquatic plant species to clean up contaminated water sources. In A. Gül (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Aegean Symposium on Innovation Technologies & Engineering–II (pp. 72–74). ISPEC Publishing. https://www.aegeanconference.com
10. Gül, A., Dinç, G., & Gül, H. E. (2021a). The importance and impact of protected areas in the face of global climate change. “IArcSAS” 1st International Architectural Sciences and Applications Symposium, October 27–29, 2021. pp. 1410–1432. Isparta, Turkey. Published: November 30, 2021. ISBN: 978-625-7464-51-2. https://www.izdas.org/_files/ugd/614b1f_fa2eaa3ee5164ee5b722277d606dd6a9.pdf
11. Gül, A., Türker, B., Anaç, İ., & Gül, İ. E. (2021b). Nature-based solutions and standards to combat global climate change. 2nd International City and Ecology Congress Within the Framework of Sustainable Urban Development (CEDESU 2021). Proceedings Book. pp. 202–220. December 2–3, 2021, Trabzon, Turkey. https://kongre.akademikiletisim.com//files/cedesu2021/cedesu_tam_metin.pdf
12. Gül, H. E. & Gül, A. (2022). Nature-Based Solutions for the Design of the Built Environment in the Context of Climate Change Adaptation. 3rd International Mountain and Ecology Congress Within the Framework of Sustainable Development. (MEDESU2022) Proceedings Book, pp. 512–523. October 20–21, 2022, Trabzon, Turkey. Published: December 5, 2022, ISBN: 978-625-6380-31-8.
13. Gül, A., Gül, H. E., & Gül, İ. E. (2023). Ecology and Economy Conflict in the Context of Sustainability. IV—International Congress on Rural Areas and Ecology within the Framework of Sustainable Development (RUDESU 2023). October 5–6, 2023 / Kyrenia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, pp. 331–352. Published: October 25, 2023, ISBN: 978-625-367-377-2, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10041278. Web: https://www.iensci.org/rudesu
14. Gül, A. & Gül, İ. E. (2024). Are Carbon Market Instruments Created by Neoliberal Policies a Solution for Reducing Carbon Emissions? IVth International Symposium on Architectural Sciences and Applications, May 30–31, 2024, Girne, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, pp. 358–374. https://www.iarcsas.org/literature
15. Gül, A., Dündar, H. B., Gül, H. E., & Gül, S. E. (2026). The role of landscape architecture (LA) in mitigating climate change impacts and adaptation processes. In A. Soyluk & A. Gül (Eds.), Systematic approaches to climate change in architectural sciences (Chapter 16, pp. 447–484). ISBN: 979-10-7023-053-4. Livre de Lyon Publication, France. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18988301
16. Hammer, D. A. (1989). Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers.
17. Hammer, M. J., & Hammer, M. J. Jr. (2014). Water and wastewater technology (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
18. Hassall, C. (2014). The ecology and biodiversity of urban ponds. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 1(2), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1024
19. IPCC. (2021). IPCC 6. Assessment Report. Retrieved from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.
20. Irvine, R. L., & Sikdar, S. K. (1998). Bioremediation Technologies: Principles and Applications. p. 102. ISBN 9781566765619. Institute for Environmental Research and Education. (2025, June 21). What is the salinity type of wetlands? https://iere.org/what-is-the-salinity-type-of-wetlands/
21. Kadlec, R. H., & Wallace, S. (2009). Treatment wetlands. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, London, New York, 267-347.
22. Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N., Pauleit, S., Naumann, S., Davis, M., Artmann, M., ... & Bonn, A. (2016). Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecology and Society, 21(2):39.
23. Lal, R. (2019). Carbon Cycling in Global Drylands. Current Climate Change Reports, 5, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00132-z
24. Leroy, M.C., Legras, M., Marcotte, S., Moncond’huy, V., Machour, N., & Le Derf, F. (2015). Assessment of PAH dissipation processes in large-scale outdoor mesocosmssimulating vegetated road-side swales. Sci Total Environ. 2015;520:146–53.
25. Martins, R. J., Pardo, R. & Boaventura, R. A. (2004). Cadmium(II) and zinc(II) adsorption by the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica: effect of temperature, pH and water hardness. Water Research Volume 38, Issue 3, February 2004, p. 693-699. doi: 10.1016 / j.watres.2003.10.013
26. Mitsch, W. J. & Gosselink, J. G. (2015). Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons.
27. Ökmen, G. K., & Algur, Ö. F. (2011). Denitrification and microorganisms. Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews, 4(2), 11–15.
28. Peña-Salamanca, E. J., Madera-Parra, C. A., Sánchez, J. M., & Medina-Vásquez, J. (2013). Bioprospecting of native plants for their use in bioremediation process: Heliconia psittacorum case (Heliconiaceae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 37(145), 469-481.
29. Purde, Ö. (2009). Environmentally Friendly Plastic Materials Used in Industrial Product Design and Plastic Recycling (Master’s thesis, Marmara University).
30. Syranidou, E., Christofilopoulos, S., & Kalogeraki, N. (2017). Juncus spp.—The helophyte for all (phyto)remediation purposes?, New Biotechnology Journal. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2016.
31. Şehitkamil Municipality. (n.d.). Şehitkamil Municipality’s Pride: The Reservoir Project. https://www.sehitkamil.bel.tr/Haberler/detay/sehitkamil_belediyesi__nin_golet_projesi_gururu (Accessed May 20, 2025)
32. Tchobanoglous, G., Stensel, H., Tsuchihashi, R. & Burton, F. (2013). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery. McGraw-Hill Education, New York. Teamkao, P., & Thiravetyan, P. (2015). Phytoremediation of mono-, di-, and triethylene glycol by Echinodorus cordifolius L. Griseb. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(1), 93-100.
33. tr. kulturportali.gov, (2013). Merinos Cultural Park and Merinos Atatürk Congress and Cultural Center – Bursa. Accessed March 21, 2013 https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/bursa/gezilecekyer/merinos-parki-ve-merinos-ataturk-kongre-ve-kultur-merkezi
34. tr.wikipedia.org, (2025). Dülükbaba Nature Park. Accessed April 20, 2025, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCkbaba_Tabiat_Park%C4%B1
35. Turner, T. (2020). Climate change mitigation through landscape planning. Retrieved from: http://www.landscapearchitecture.org.uk/climate-change-mitigation-through-landscape-planning/
36. Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3):167-178
37. Ünver, Z. M. (2017). Characterization of Microalgae Isolated from Freshwater and Soil for Biofuel Production (Master’s thesis, Anadolu University). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (EPA) (2026). pH: Water quality parameter for aquatic life protection. https://www.epa.gov/caddis/ph
38. Vymazal, J. (2010). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water, 2(3), 530–549. https://doi.org/10.3390/w2030530
39. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017. WHO and UNICEF. (Erişim tarihi: 2025, Mayıs 20)
40. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (2022). Tags Climate. https://public.wmo.int/en/ about-us/ frequently-asked-questions/climate (Accessed Date: September 12, 2025. 23.45)
41. Yılmaz, D. (2012). The ecological and landscape value of wetlands. Journal of the Bartın Faculty of Forestry, 14(21), 33–42.