Yetişkinlerde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumlarının Pozitif ve Negatif Duygusal Tepkisellikle İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yetişkinlerde algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının (demokratik, otoriter ve koruyucu) pozitif ve negatif duygusal tepkisellik ile ilişkisini incelemek ve söz konusu tutumların bu değişkenler üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü belirlemektir. Araştırmada ayrıca, duygusal tepkisellik düzeylerinin cinsiyet ve psikolojik destek alma durumuna göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında değişen 459 yetişkinden oluşmaktadır. Veriler; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Anne Baba Tutumları Ölçeği ve Perth Duygusal Tepkisellik Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson korelasyon katsayısı, bağımsız örneklemler t-testi ve hiyerarşik çoklu regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, demokratik ebeveyn tutumu ile pozitif duygusal tepkisellik arasında pozitif ilişki; koruyucu ve otoriter ebeveyn tutumları ile negatif duygusal tepkisellik arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonucunda ise demokratik ebeveyn tutumunun pozitif duygusal tepkiselliği, koruyucu ebeveyn tutumunun da negatif duygusal tepkiselliği anlamlı düzeyde ve pozitif yönde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Buna karşın otoriter ebeveyn tutumunun, regresyon modelinde duygusal tepkisellik alt boyutları üzerinde anlamlı bir yordayıcı etkisi saptanmamıştır. Kadınların hem pozitif hem de negatif duygusal tepkisellik puanlarının erkeklerden anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca psikolojik destek alan bireylerin negatif duygusal tepkisellik puanları daha yüksek iken psikolojik destek almayan bireylerin pozitif duygusal tepkisellik puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, yetişkinlerin duygusal tepkiselliğinin şekillenmesinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Duygusal tepkisellik
• ebeveyn tutumları
• pozitif duygusal tepkisellik
• negatif duygusal tepkisellik
• yetişkinlik

Destekleyen Kurum

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi, İnsan Araştırmaları Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulunun 22/02/2024 tarihli 02/01 sayılı karar ile alınmıştır.

The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Attitudes in Adults and Positive and Negative Emotional Reactivity

Öz

This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived parental attitudes (democratic, authoritarian, and protective) and positive and negative emotional reactivity in adults, and to determine the predictive role of these attitudes in predicting these variables. In addition, the study investigates whether levels of emotional reactivity differ by gender and psychological support status. The study group consists of 459 adults aged between 18 and 65 (M = 26.89, SD = 7.98). Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Parenting Attitudes Scale, and the Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale. The Pearson correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the data. According to the correlation analysis results, a positive relationship was found between the democratic parental attitude and positive emotional reactivity, whereas protective and authoritarian parental attitudes were positively associated with negative emotional reactivity. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the democratic parental attitude significantly and positively predicted positive emotional reactivity, while the protective parental attitude significantly and positively predicted negative emotional reactivity. However, the authoritarian parental attitude did not significantly predict either dimension of emotional reactivity in the regression model. Both positive and negative emotional reactivity scores were significantly higher in women than in men. Furthermore, individuals who received psychological support exhibited higher negative emotional reactivity scores, whereas those who did not receive psychological support had higher positive emotional reactivity scores. The findings indicate that perceived parental attitudes are associated with emotional reactivity in adulthood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emotional reactivity
• parental attitudes
• positive emotional reactivity
• negative emotional reactivity
• adulthood.

Destekleyen Kurum

The author declared that this study has received no financial support.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was received for this study from Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Human Studies: Social and Humanities Ethics Committee on 22/02/2024 and 02/01 document number.

Kaynakça

1. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
2. Balaban, G. ve Bilge, Y. (2021). Perth Duygusal Tepkisellik Ölçeği-Kısa Formunun Türk toplum örneklemindeki psikometrik özellikleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 13(1), 281-297.
3. Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L. ve Joormann, J. (2008). Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and vulnerability to depression: What depression has in common with impulsive aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 912-943. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013740
4. Chaplin, T. M. ve Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735-765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030737
5. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. bs.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
6. Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A. ve Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952
7. Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1196-1214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1196
8. Dejonckheere, E., Mestdagh, M., Houben, M., Rutten, I., Sels, L., Kuppens, P. ve Tuerlinckx, F. (2019). Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being. Nature Human Behaviour, 3, 478-491. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0

9. Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M. ve Zhou, R. (2016). Gender differences in emotional response: Inconsistency between experience and expressivity. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0158666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158666
10. Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
11. Eigenhuis, E., Waumans, R. C., Muntingh, A. D., Westerman, M. J., van Meijel, M., Batelaan, N. M. ve van Balkom, A. J. (2021). Facilitating factors and barriers in help-seeking behaviour in adolescents and young adults with depressive symptoms: A qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247516
12. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K. ve Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 136-157. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.136
13. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. ve Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
14. Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5. bs.). SAGE Publications.
15. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
16. Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2
17. Garside, R. B. ve Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles, 47(3), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021090904785
18. George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (10. bs.). Pearson.
19. Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
20. Gross, J. J. ve John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
21. Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B. ve Tamir, M. (2011). A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406927
22. Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A. ve Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29(5), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21888
23. Isdahl-Troye, A., Villar, P., Álvarez-Voces, M. ve Romero, E. (2025). Unraveling the dynamics of emotional regulation and parental warmth across early childhood: Prediction of later behavioral problems. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 23294. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06846-5
24. Joussemet, M., Landry, R. ve Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012754
25. Kâğıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
26. Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (31. bs.). Nobel Yayıncılık.
27. Kuzgun, Y. (1972). Ana-baba tutumlarının kendini gerçekleştirme düzeyine etkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
28. Kuzgun, Y. ve Eldeleklioğlu, J. (2005). Ana Baba Tutum Ölçeği. Y. Kuzgun ve F. Bacanlı (Ed.), PDR'de kullanılan ölçekler içinde. Nobel Yayıncılık.
29. Larsen, J. T. ve McGraw, A. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 1095-1110. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021846
30. Leger, K. A., Charles, S. T. ve Almeida, D. M. (2018). Let it go: Lingering negative affect in response to daily stressors is associated with physical health years later. Psychological Science, 29(8), 1283-1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618763097
31. MacNeill, L. A., Ram, N., Bell, C. G., Fox, N. A. ve Pérez-Edgar, K. (2022). Trajectories of infants' biobehavioral development: Emotion and attention dynamics. Child Development, 93(5), 1424-1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13788
32. Magaard, J. L., Seeralan, T., Schulz, H. ve Brütt, A. L. (2017). Factors associated with help-seeking behaviour among individuals with major depression: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 12, e0176730. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176730
33. Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2. bs.). Guilford Press.
34. Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S. ve Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
35. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
36. Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873-932. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295
37. Preece, D., Becerra, R. ve Campitelli, G. (2019). Assessing emotional reactivity: Psychometric properties of the Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale and the development of a short form. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(6), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1465430
38. Roth, L. H. O., Bencker, C., Lorenz, J. ve Laireiter, A. R. (2024). Testing the validity of the broaden-and build theory of positive emotions: A network analytic approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Makale 1405272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1405272
39. Rothbart, M. K. ve Sheese, B. E. (2007). Temperament and emotion regulation. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation içinde (ss. 331-350). Guilford Press.
40. Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J. ve Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
41. Sümer, N., Aktar, E. ve Büyükşahin-Sunal, A. (2010). Ebeveyn tutum ve davranışlarının yetişkinlikteki psikolojik iyi oluşa etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 25(65), 42-55. Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. bs.). Pearson.
42. Topkaya, N. (2014). Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29(74), 1-11.
43. Tugade, M. M. ve Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
44. Watson, D., Clark, L. A. ve Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
45. Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S. M. ve Jorm, A. F. (2014). Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 8-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.007
46. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Rudolph, J., Kerin, J. ve Bohadana-Brown, G. (2022). Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254211051086