Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Sosyotelizme Maruz Kalma ile Sosyotelist Davranışlar Arasındaki İlişkide Yaşam Doyumunun Düzenleyici Rolü

Öz

Akıllı telefonların yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte sosyotelist davranışlar, günlük sosyal etkileşimlerde giderek daha yaygın hâle gelmiş ve özellikle yaşlı yetişkinler arasında kişilerarası ilişkiler açısından önemli sonuçlar doğurabilecek bir olguya dönüşmüştür. Sosyotelizme maruz kalma, bireylerin kendi sosyotelist davranışlarını şekillendirebilmektedir; bu süreçte yaşam doyumu gibi psikolojik kaynaklar ise koruyucu bir işlev üstlenebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, yaşlı yetişkinler arasında sosyotelizme maruz kalma ile sosyotelist olma arasındaki ilişkide yaşam doyumunun düzenleyici rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışmaya 60-85 yaş arası (Ort. = 66,47, SS = 5,42) 470 yaşlı yetişkin dâhil edilmiştir. Veriler çevrim içi anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar Genel Sosyotelist Olma ve Genel Sosyotelizme Maruz Kalma Ölçekleri ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği’ni doldurmuştur. Veri analizleri SPSS programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve yaşam doyumunun düzenleyici rolü Hayes’in PROCESS makrosu kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Günlük akıllı telefon kullanım süresi kontrol edilerek gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda, sosyotelizme maruz kalma, yaşam doyumunun tüm düzeylerinde sosyotelist olma ile olumlu yönde ilişkili olmakla beraber, bu ilişkinin düşük yaşam doyumuna sahip bireylerde en güçlü, yüksek yaşam doyumuna sahip bireylerde ise en zayıf olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bulgular, yaşlı bireylerde yaşam doyumu düzeyine bağlı olarak sosyotelizme maruz kalma ile sosyotelist davranış arasındaki ilişkinin farklılaştığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyotelizme maruz kalma
• yaşam doyumu
• yaşlı yetişkinler
• sosyotelist davranışlar
• akıllı telefon kullanımı

Destekleyen Kurum

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı, Samsun Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 27/06/2025 tarihli 2025/170 sayılı karar ile alınmıştır.

The Moderating Role of Life Satisfaction in the Relationship Between Being Phubbed and Phubbing Behaviors Among Older Adults

Öz

With the widespread use of smartphones, phubbing behaviours have become increasingly common in everyday social interactions and may have significant implications for interpersonal relationships, particularly among older adults. Being phubbed may shape individuals’ own phubbing behaviors, while psychological resources such as life satisfaction may serve a protective function in this process. The present study aimed to examine the moderating role of life satisfaction in the relationship between being phubbed and general phubbing behavior among older adults. This study included 470 older adults aged 60-85 years (M = 66.47, SD = 5.42). Data were collected via an online survey. Participants completed the Generic Scale of Phubbing, the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Data analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics, and the moderating role of life satisfaction was tested with Hayes’ PROCESS macro. As a result, controlling for daily smartphone use duration, being phubbed was positively associated with phubbing at all levels of life satisfaction. However, this relationship was strongest among individuals with low life satisfaction and weakest among those with high life satisfaction. These findings indicate that the association between being phubbed and phubbing behavior varies depending on the level of life satisfaction among older adults.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Being phubbed
• life satisfaction
• older adults
• phubbing
• smartphone use

Kaynakça

1. Alberts, L., Lyngs, U. ve Lukoff, K. (2024). Designing for sustained motivation: A review of Self-Determination Theory in behaviour change technologies. Interacting with Computers, iwae040, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwae040
2. Al-Saggaf, Y. (2023). Does the experience of being phubbed by friends affect psychological well-being? The mediating roles of loneliness, relationship satisfaction, and self‐esteem. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023(1), 9920310. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9920310
3. Al-Saggaf, Y. ve Hogg, R. (2024). The effect of children’s phubbing on parents’ psychological wellbeing: A moderated mediation analysis. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2024(1), 9719351. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9719351
4. Andrade, C. (2020). The limitations of online surveys. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6), 575-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620957496
5. Arenz, A. ve Schnauber-Stockmann, A. (2024). Who “phubs”? A systematic meta-analytic review of phubbing predictors. Mobile Media & Communication, 12(3), 637-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579231215678
6. Atchley, R. C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.2.183
7. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Prentice Hall.
8. Bethlehem, J. (2010). Selection bias in web surveys. International Statistical Review, 78(2), 161-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x

9. Busch, P. A., Hausvik, G. I., Ropstad, O. K. ve Pettersen, D. (2021). Smartphone usage among older adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, Article 106783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106783
10. Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331-338. https://doi/10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331
11. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M. ve Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181. https://doi/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165
12. Chopik, W. J. (2016). The benefits of social technology use among older adults are mediated by reduced loneliness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(9), 551-556. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0151
13. Chotpitayasunondh, V. ve Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9-18. https://doi/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
14. Chotpitayasunondh, V. ve Douglas, K. M. (2018a). The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12506
15. Chotpitayasunondh, V. ve Douglas, K. M. (2018b). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020
16. Csibi, S., Griffiths, M. D., Cook, B., Demetrovics, Z. ve Szabo, A. (2018). The psychometric properties of the smartphone application-based addiction scale(SABAS). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(2), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9787-2
17. Cui, S., Jiang, J. ve Mu, L. (2025). Impact mechanism of adult offspring’s phubbing behavior on elderly short video addiction: A moderated mediation model. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10405-x
18. Dağlı, A. ve Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.263229
19. Dibajnia, P., Azizi, M., Fathollahzadeh, F. ve Rezaei, M. (2025). Phubbing behavior and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress in rehabilitation students in Iran: A cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports, 8(3), e70416. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70416
20. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
21. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
22. Diener, E. ve Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well‐being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
23. Du, L. ve Tan, H. (2025). Digital sustainability in an aging society: Reframing smartphone phubbing as structural compensation among urban Chinese older adults. Sustainability, 17(23), 10608. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310608
24. Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C. ve Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
25. Ergün, N., Özkan, Z. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2025). Social media addiction and poor mental health: Examining the mediating roles of internet addiction and phubbing. Psychological Reports, 128(2), 723-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231166609
26. Eroğlu, H., Aygün, H. E. ve Aksoy, S. (2024). Sosyal duygusal yalnızlık ve sosyotelist davranış [phubbing] arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, (22), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.1451388
27. Friemel, T. N. (2016). The digital divide has grown old: Determinants of a digital divide among seniors. New Media & Society, 18(2), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538648
28. George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (14th ed.). Routledge.
29. Haigh, A. (2012). Stop phubbing. Retrieved from http://stopphubbing.com.
30. Hamarat, E., Thompson, D., Zabrucky, K. M., Steele, D., Matheny, K. B. ve Aysan, F. (2001). Perceived stress and coping resource availability as predictors of life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 27(2), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/036107301750074051
31. Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
32. Heo, J., Chun, S., Lee, S., Lee, K. H. ve Kim, J. (2015). Internet use and well-being in older adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(5), 268-272. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0549
33. Ikeuchi, T., Itoh, S., Miwa, H., Watanabe, K. ve Wakui, T. (2023). Does smartphone use make older adults feel younger? A cross-sectional online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031710
34. Kadylak, T. (2020). An investigation of perceived family phubbing expectancy violations and well-being among US older adults. Mobile Media & Communication, 8(2), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157919872238
35. Kadylak, T., Makki, T. W., Francis, J., Cotten, S. R., Rikard, R. V. ve Sah, Y. J. (2018). Disrupted copresence: Older adults’ views on mobile phone use during face-to-face interactions. Mobile Media & Communication, 6(3), 331-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918758129
36. Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., ... & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005
37. Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Mızrak-Şahin, B., ... ve Babadağ, B. (2016). Sanal dünyanın kronolojik bağımlılığı: Sosyotelizm (phubbing). Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addiction, 3(2), 223-269. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0013
38. Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
39. Koyuncu, A. (2024). Evli bireylerde partner sosyotelizmi ile evlilik doyumu arasındaki ilişkide benlik saygısının etkisi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi.
40. Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeyinin karşılaştırılması (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi.
41. Kushlev, K. ve Leitao, M. R. (2020). The effects of smartphones on well-being: Theoretical integration and research agenda. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.05.001
42. Kuyucu, M. (2017). Gençlerde akıllı telefon kullanımı ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı sorunsalı: “Akıllı telefon (kolik)” üniversite gençliği. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(14), 328-359.
43. Lai, H. J., Mei, X. X., Huang, S. J., Wu, X. N., Liang, J. Y., Zhou, L. M. ve Ye, Z. J. (2025). The relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep quality in older adults: The mediating role of loneliness and depression. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-02883-7
44. Lazarus, R. S. ve Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. W. D. Gentry (Ed.), The handbook of behavioral medicine içinde (ss. 282-325). Guilford.
45. Li, Y. (2023). Validation and short-form development of the generic scale of being phubbed and phubbing and relationship between being phubbed and phubbing in Chinese adolescents. Current Psychology, 42(25), 21424-21434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03222-8
46. Lițan, D. E. (2025). Psychological “effects” of digital technology: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1560516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1560516
47. Maftei, A. ve Măirean, C. (2023). Put your phone down! Perceived phubbing, life satisfaction, and psychological distress: The mediating role of loneliness. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 332. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01359-0
48. Mantere, E., Savela, N. ve Oksanen, A. (2021). Phubbing and social intelligence: Role-playing experiment on bystander inaccessibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910035
49. Martín-García, A. V., Redolat, R. ve Pinazo-Hernandis, S. (2022). Factors influencing intention to technological use in older adults. The TAM model aplication. Research on Aging, 44(7-8), 573-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/01640275211063797
50. Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y. ve Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.020
51. Nuñez, T. R. ve Radtke, T. (2024). Is socially disruptive smartphone use detrimental to well-being? A systematic meta-analytic review on being phubbed. Behaviour & Information Technology, 43(7), 1283-1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2209213
52. Orhan Göksün, D. (2019). Sosyotelist olma ve sosyotelizme maruz kalma ölçeklerinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 657-671. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.505642
53. Pew Research Center. (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/05/17/technology-use-among-seniors/
54. Polat, F. ve Karasu, F. (2022). Examining the correlation between phubbing and life satisfaction in adults during Covid-19 pandemic. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(2), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.990471
55. Rismaya, S. D. ve Djudiyah. (2025). The role of boredom proneness on phubbing behavior in the millennial generation. 3rd International Conference of Applied Psychology on Humanity içinde, KnE Social Sciences, 571-583. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i7.18357
56. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2024). Digital Turkey statistics report.
57. Roberts, J. A. ve David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134-141. https://doi/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
58. Roberts, J. A. ve David, M. E. (2017). Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 206-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.021
59. Rowe J. W. ve Kahn R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
60. Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
61. Sixsmith, A. (2013). Technology and the challenge of aging. A. Sixsmith ve G. Gutman (Ed.), Technologies for active aging (ss. 7-25) içinde. Springer.
62. Sun, J. ve Wong, N. (2024). “I can’t believe I phubbed up our friendship!”: Examining relationships between loneliness, problematic smartphone use, friend phubbing, and life satisfaction. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2024(1), 5558587. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5558587
63. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2025). İstatistiklerle yaşlılar, 2025. https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/press/58231
64. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020). World population ageing 2019 (ST/ESA/SER.A/444). United Nations. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/world-population-ageing-2019
65. Vilbusch, J. S. (2019). Older people's perception on younger people’s smart phone usage-a comparison of older smart phone users and non-smart phone users (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), University of Twente.
66. Vulpe, S.-N. ve Ilinca, C. (2020). Age and usage of technology: A structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior. Revista Universitară de Sociologie, 16(2), 164-176.
67. Winkelmann, L. ve Geber, S. (2022). On the norm sensitivity of younger mobile phone users: Perceived social norms and phubbing in interactions between younger and older generations. Communication Research Reports, 39(4), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2022.2115476
68. Yam, F. C., Demir, Y. ve Manap, A. (2025). Investigating phubbing behaviors among university students: A latent profile analysis study. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 886. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03212-y
69. Zainab, A. ve Kainaat, R. (2025). The relationship between phubbing, psychological well-being and quality of life among young adults. Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies, 3(2), 2471-2503. https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v3i2.337