KIZILÇAM ÖZ VE DİRİ ODUNLARINA ARAP ZAMKI UYGULAMASI: RENK PARAMETRELERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Öz

Arap zamkı, ahşap yüzeylere uygulandığında, malzemenin yüzeyini nem ve çevresel etkilere karşı bir koruyucu tabaka oluşturarak fiziksel hasarlara karşı direnç göstermektedir. Arap zamkı, ahşabın doğal rengini ortaya çıkarabilmektedir ve yüzeyde hoş bir görüntü sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kızılçam öz ve diri odunlarına ait renk özellikleri üzerine Arap zamkı uygulamasının renk parametreleri ve beyazlık indeksi (WI*) değerleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. ∆E* değerleri öz odunda 6.76 ve diri odunda 7.17 olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; çözelti uygulaması ile öz ve diri odunlarda C* değerlerinde artış sağlamıştır. Öz odun ve diri odunda L* değerlerinde çözelti uygulamasına bağlı olarak azalma belirlenmiştir. a* ve b* değerlerinde hem öz hem de diri odun için çözelti uygulaması ile artış elde edilmiştir. WI* (║ ve ⊥) değerlerinde öz ve diri odunda çözelti uygulaması ile önemli düşüşler tespit edilmiştir. ho parametresinde öz odunda azalış görülürken, diri odunda ise artış belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, Arap zamkı çözeltisinin, odun yüzeylerinin estetik ve fonksiyonel özelliklerini değiştirdiğini ve yüzey modifikasyonları ile elde edilebilecek farklı renk efektlerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arap zamkı
• renk
• kızılçam
• beyazlık indeksi
• reçine

APPLICATION OF GUM ARABIC TO HEARTWOOD AND SAPWOOD OF RED PINE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COLOR PARAMETERS

Öz

Arabic gum, when applied to wood surfaces, creates a protective layer that helps resist physical damage and shields the wood from moisture and environmental influences. It can enhance the natural color of the wood and provides a visually pleasing finish. This study explores the impact of Arabic gum application on the color parameters and whiteness index (WI*) values of the heartwood and sapwood of Scots pine. The ∆E* values were found to be 6.76 for the heartwood and 7.17 for the sapwood. The results showed that the solution application led to an increase in the C* values in both heartwood and sapwood. A decrease in the L* values was observed in both types of wood after the solution was applied. Additionally, an increase in the a* and b* values was recorded for both heartwood and sapwood. Significant reductions in the WI* (║ and ⊥) values were observed in both types of wood following the application. The ho parameter showed a decrease in the heartwood, while it increased in the sapwood. These results demonstrate that the Arabic gum solution influences both the aesthetic and functional properties of wood surfaces, highlighting the importance of surface modifications in achieving various color effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arabic gum
• color
• Scots pine
• whiteness index
• resin

Kaynakça

1. Al-Assaf, S., Phillips, G.O., Aoki, H., and Sasaki, Y., (2007). Characterization and properties of Acacia senegal (L.) Wild. Var. senegal with enhanced properties (Acacia (sen) SUPER GUM™): part 1-controlled maturation of Acacia senegal var. senegal to increase viscoelasticity, produce a hydrogel form and convert a poor into a good emulsifier, Food Hydrocoll 21: 319-328. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.04.011.
2. Al‐Balakocy, N.G., Abdelrahman, M.S., Ahmed, H., Badawy, A.A., Ghanem, A.F., Wassel, A.R., Wen, Z., and Khattab, T.A., (2022). Photoluminescent and photochromic smart window from recycled polyester reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals, Luminescence, 37(9): 1575-1584. DOI: 10.1002/bio.4333.
3. Al-Qahtani, S.D., and Al-Senani, G.M., (2024). Development of gum Arabic/chitosan-infiltrated photoluminescent wooden smart window with multifunctional properties, Carbohydrate Polymers, 339: 122263. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122263.
4. ASTM D 2244-3, (2007). Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
5. ASTM E313-15e1, (2015), Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. Awad, S.S., Rabah, A.A., Ali, H.I., and Mahmoud, T.E., (2018). Acacia seyal gums in Sudan: Ecology and economic contribution, In Gum arabic (pp. 3-11). Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-812002-6.
6. Azzaoui, K., Hammouti, B., Lamhamdi, A., Mejdoubi, E., and Berrabah, M., (2015). The Gum Arabic in the southern region of Morocco, Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 3(1): 99-107.
7. Elbadawi, A.A., Alsabah, Y.A., and Abuelhassan, H.H., (2018). Physical and Electrical Properties of Gum Arabic. In Gum Arabic (pp. 75-91). Academic Press.
8. ISO 554, (1976). Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

9. Jirouš, R.V., and Ljuljka, B., (1999). Boja drva i njezine promjene prilikom izlaganja atmosferskim utjecajima, Drvna Industrija, 50(1): 31-39.
10. Lange, D.R., (1999). Fundamentals of Colourimetry - Application Report No. 10e. DR Lange: New York, NY, USA.
11. Mariod, A.A., (2018). Chemical properties of gum Arabic, In Gum arabic (pp. 67-73). Academic Press. Musa, H.H., Ahmed, A.A., and Musa, T.H., (2018). Chemistry, biological, and pharmacological properties of gum Arabic, Bioactive Molecules in Food, 1-18.
12. NGARA (The Network For Natural Gums And Resins In Africa), (2017). Overview and framework of priorities 2017-2030. Nat. Gums Resins Africa. 40 pages.
13. Ocampo, D., Aguirre, E.D., Osorio, A., and Rios, L.A., (2014). Lacas y selladores para madera a partir de resinas alquílicas obtenidas de aceites de higuerilla, palma y usados de fritura, Información Tecnológica, 25(2): 157-164. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-07642014000200018.
14. Sharma, S.C., Prasad, N., Pandey, S.K., and Singh, R., (2024). Mechanization in processing commercially significant natural resins and gums: a review. Industrial Crops and Products, 222, 119630. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119630.
15. Siddiqui, M.Z., (2015). Post-harvest processing and value addition of natural gums and resins, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(8): 1471-1472.
16. Tadesse, W., Dejene, T., Zeleke, G., and Desalegn, G., (2020). Underutilized natural gum and resin resources in Ethiopia for future directions and commercial utilization. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(2): 32-38. DOI:10.12691/wjar-8-2-2.
17. Tian, Y., Wang, C., Ai, Y., Tang, L., and Cao, K., (2023). Phytate-based transparent and waterproof intumescent flame-retardant coating for protection of wood. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 294, 127000. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127000.
18. Ulay, G., ve Ayata, Ü., (2025). Hint zamkının renk değiştirme amaçlı malta eriği, santos, sapelli ve maun odunlarına uygulanması, Gece Kitaplığı, basımda.
19. Weigl, M., Kandelbauer, A., Hansmann, C., Pöckl, J., Müller, U., and Grabner, M., (2009). Application of natural dyes in the coloration of wood. Handbook of natural colorants, Wiley, New York, 277-313. ISBN: 978-0-470-51199-2.