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CHANGING FORMS AND FUNCTIONS: THE TRANSFORMATION OF MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE FROM THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD TO THE PRESENT

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 94 - 106, 30.09.2024

Öz

This article examines the evolution of mosque architecture from the early Islamic period to the present. Mosques hold a significant place in Islamic art and architecture and symbolize the cultural, social, and political life of Muslim communities. Over time, mosque architecture has undergone significant changes, evolving from the modest structures of the early Islamic period to the monumental and technologically advanced designs of modern times. In the early Islamic period, mosque architecture was characterized by simple and functional designs, such as large open courtyards and covered prayer areas. The Prophet's Mosque in Medina, built in 622 CE, is a notable example of this architectural approach. With the spread of Islam, essential architectural elements like the mihrab, minaret, and geometric decorations emerged. During the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, mosque architecture became more complex. The Umayyads, influenced by Roman and Byzantine architecture, constructed grand structures. The Abbasids integrated educational and social functions into mosque complexes. The Ottoman Empire developed a unique style that combined Islamic, Byzantine, and Persian elements. The Sultan Ahmed Mosque and Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul are striking examples of this style. In the modern era, mosque architecture has evolved by incorporating contemporary design principles and materials. The use of reinforced concrete, glass, and steel has enabled innovative structural designs. The Faisal Mosque in Pakistan and the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi blend traditional Islamic architectural elements with modern aesthetics and technologies. This study analyzes the changes in mosque architecture concerning form, function, and ornamentation. The transition from traditional to modern materials and construction techniques has allowed for the creation of complex and visually impressive designs. The ability of mosque design to adapt to local climatic conditions and cultural contexts highlights the dynamic nature of Islamic architecture. In conclusion, the evolution of mosque architecture demonstrates significant changes in aesthetic, structural, and functional aspects. Modern mosques offer spacious and multifunctional areas. This evolution illustrates how mosque architecture has been shaped by historical and cultural dynamics and contributes to social integration and the preservation of cultural heritage. This research provides valuable insights into the evolution of mosque architecture and serves as a reference for future architectural design projects.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Rashid, K., & Naz, N. (2018). Study of the ornamentation of Bhong Mosque for the survival of decorative patterns in Islamic architecture. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(2), 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.03.004
  • Alnajjar, A. (2023). Changes in mosque architecture from early Islamic architecture to the present (Master’s thesis, Haliç University Graduate Education Institute).
  • Ayyad, E. S. (2017). Evaluating the dominant theories on the genesis of the mosque type. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 2(4), 727-748. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v2i4.4280
  • Ayyad, E. (2017). Revisiting K.A.C. Creswell’s theory on the first mosque in Islam. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 4(4), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4321
  • Blair, S., & Bloom, J. (1994). The art and architecture of Islam. Yale University Press.
  • Bloom, J. (2022). Exterior vs. interior in early Maghribi mosques. Libyan Studies, 53, 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2022.12
  • Bonner, J. (2016). The historical significance of the geometric designs in the northeast dome chamber of the Friday Mosque at Isfahan. Nexus Network Journal, 18(1), 55-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-016-0302-3
  • Boostani, A., Fratini, F., Misseri, G., Rovero, L., & Tonietti, U. (2018). A masterpiece of early Islamic architecture: The Noh-Gonbad Mosque in Balkh, Afghanistan. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 32, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.03.00
  • Ettinghausen, R. (2001). Early Islamic art and architecture. Oxford University Press.
  • Farazmand, P., & Sarbangholi, H. S. (2015). Investigating the patterns of Islamic architecture in architecture design of third millennium mosques. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 3(3), 501-514.
  • Frishman, M., & Khan, H. U. (2002). The mosque: History, architectural development & regional diversity. Thames & Hudson.
  • Grabar, O. (2006). Research progress in quantum memory.
  • Gurjia, A. A., & Dhannoon, A. (2021). Repetitive elements and their objectives in ancient and contemporary mosques. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 6(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i2.4592
  • Hakim, N. (2008). Mosque architecture past and present. Springer Book.
  • Hill, D. (1993). Islamic architecture: Form, function, and meaning. McGraw-Hill.
  • Mostafa, H. (2016). The early mosque revisited: Introduction of the Minbar and Maqṣūra. Islamic Studies, 33(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-9780-9
  • Necipoğlu, G. (1998). The age of Sinan: Architectural culture in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press.
  • Necipoğlu, G. (2005). The timeline of the Ottoman mosque architecture. Cambridge University Press.
  • Özçaki, M. (2018). A review of the contemporary mosque architecture. Bilgi Çağı Journal, 8(1), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-018-0830-5
  • Petersen, A. (1996). Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Rabbat, N. (2012). The mosque as a community building. Islamic Architecture Journal, 5(3), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2012.05.001
  • Shamsuzzoha, A., & Islam, H. (2011). Structure, decoration and materials: Mughal mosques of medieval Dhaka. Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers, 1(1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-0810-2
  • Sobh, H., & Samy, H. A. (2018). Islamic geometric patterns as timeless architecture. Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, 13(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.01.004
  • Suryandari, P. (2021). The architecture of a mosque without a dome as a trace of the development of Muslim intellectuals. Jurnal Indo-Islamika, 11(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-0851-6
  • Yeomans, R. (1999). The art and architecture of Islamic Cairo. Garnet Publishing.

DEĞİŞEN BİÇİMLER VE İŞLEVLER: ERKEN İSLAM DÖNEMİNDEN GÜNÜMÜZE CAMİ MİMARİSİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 94 - 106, 30.09.2024

Öz

Bu makale, erken İslam döneminden günümüze kadar cami mimarisinin evrimini incelemektedir. Camiler, İslam sanatında ve mimarisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir ve Müslüman toplulukların kültürel, sosyal ve siyasi hayatını simgeler. Zamanla cami mimarisi, erken İslam döneminin mütevazı yapılarından, modern zamanların anıtsal ve teknolojik olarak ileri tasarımlarına doğru önemli değişiklikler geçirmiştir.

Erken İslam döneminde cami mimarisi, büyük açık avlular ve kapalı namaz alanları gibi basit ve işlevsel tasarımlarla karakterize edilirdi. 622 yılında inşa edilen Medine'deki Mescid-i Nebi, bu mimari yaklaşımın dikkate değer bir örneğidir. İslam’ın yayılmasıyla birlikte mihrap, minare ve geometrik süslemeler gibi temel mimari unsurlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Emevi ve Abbasi dönemlerinde cami mimarisi daha karmaşık hale gelmiştir. Emeviler, Roma ve Bizans mimarisinden etkilenerek büyük yapılar inşa ederken, Abbasiler ise cami komplekslerine eğitim ve sosyal işlevler entegre etmişlerdir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İslami, Bizans ve Pers unsurlarını birleştiren benzersiz bir stil geliştirmiştir. İstanbul'daki Sultan Ahmet Camii ve Süleymaniye Camii, bu tarzın çarpıcı örnekleridir. Modern dönemde cami mimarisi, çağdaş tasarım prensipleri ve malzemeleri içerecek şekilde evrim geçirmiştir. Betonarme, cam ve çelik gibi malzemelerin kullanımı, yenilikçi yapısal tasarımlara olanak tanımıştır. Pakistan’daki Faysal Camii ve Abu Dabi’deki Şeyh Zayed Camii, geleneksel İslami mimari unsurları modern estetik ve teknolojilerle harmanlamaktadır.

Bu çalışma, cami mimarisindeki değişiklikleri form, işlev ve süsleme açısından analiz etmektedir. Gelenekselden modern malzemelere ve inşaat tekniklerine geçiş, karmaşık ve görsel olarak etkileyici tasarımların yaratılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Cami tasarımının yerel iklim koşullarına ve kültürel bağlamlara uyum sağlama yeteneği, İslami mimarinin dinamik doğasını vurgulamaktadır.

Sonuç olarak, cami mimarisinin evrimi estetik, yapısal ve işlevsel açılardan önemli değişiklikler göstermektedir. Modern camiler, geniş ve çok işlevli alanlar sunmaktadır. Bu evrim, cami mimarisinin tarihsel ve kültürel dinamikler tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini ve sosyal entegrasyona ve kültürel mirasın korunmasına nasıl katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu araştırma, cami mimarisinin evrimi hakkında değerli bilgiler sunmakta ve gelecekteki mimari tasarım projeleri için bir referans oluşturmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Rashid, K., & Naz, N. (2018). Study of the ornamentation of Bhong Mosque for the survival of decorative patterns in Islamic architecture. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(2), 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.03.004
  • Alnajjar, A. (2023). Changes in mosque architecture from early Islamic architecture to the present (Master’s thesis, Haliç University Graduate Education Institute).
  • Ayyad, E. S. (2017). Evaluating the dominant theories on the genesis of the mosque type. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 2(4), 727-748. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v2i4.4280
  • Ayyad, E. (2017). Revisiting K.A.C. Creswell’s theory on the first mosque in Islam. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 4(4), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i4.4321
  • Blair, S., & Bloom, J. (1994). The art and architecture of Islam. Yale University Press.
  • Bloom, J. (2022). Exterior vs. interior in early Maghribi mosques. Libyan Studies, 53, 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2022.12
  • Bonner, J. (2016). The historical significance of the geometric designs in the northeast dome chamber of the Friday Mosque at Isfahan. Nexus Network Journal, 18(1), 55-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-016-0302-3
  • Boostani, A., Fratini, F., Misseri, G., Rovero, L., & Tonietti, U. (2018). A masterpiece of early Islamic architecture: The Noh-Gonbad Mosque in Balkh, Afghanistan. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 32, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.03.00
  • Ettinghausen, R. (2001). Early Islamic art and architecture. Oxford University Press.
  • Farazmand, P., & Sarbangholi, H. S. (2015). Investigating the patterns of Islamic architecture in architecture design of third millennium mosques. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 3(3), 501-514.
  • Frishman, M., & Khan, H. U. (2002). The mosque: History, architectural development & regional diversity. Thames & Hudson.
  • Grabar, O. (2006). Research progress in quantum memory.
  • Gurjia, A. A., & Dhannoon, A. (2021). Repetitive elements and their objectives in ancient and contemporary mosques. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 6(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v6i2.4592
  • Hakim, N. (2008). Mosque architecture past and present. Springer Book.
  • Hill, D. (1993). Islamic architecture: Form, function, and meaning. McGraw-Hill.
  • Mostafa, H. (2016). The early mosque revisited: Introduction of the Minbar and Maqṣūra. Islamic Studies, 33(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-9780-9
  • Necipoğlu, G. (1998). The age of Sinan: Architectural culture in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press.
  • Necipoğlu, G. (2005). The timeline of the Ottoman mosque architecture. Cambridge University Press.
  • Özçaki, M. (2018). A review of the contemporary mosque architecture. Bilgi Çağı Journal, 8(1), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-018-0830-5
  • Petersen, A. (1996). Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Rabbat, N. (2012). The mosque as a community building. Islamic Architecture Journal, 5(3), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2012.05.001
  • Shamsuzzoha, A., & Islam, H. (2011). Structure, decoration and materials: Mughal mosques of medieval Dhaka. Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers, 1(1), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-0810-2
  • Sobh, H., & Samy, H. A. (2018). Islamic geometric patterns as timeless architecture. Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, 13(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.01.004
  • Suryandari, P. (2021). The architecture of a mosque without a dome as a trace of the development of Muslim intellectuals. Jurnal Indo-Islamika, 11(1), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-0851-6
  • Yeomans, R. (1999). The art and architecture of Islamic Cairo. Garnet Publishing.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimari Tarih, Teori ve Eleştiri, Mimarlıkta Malzeme ve Teknoloji, Mimarlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Amer Alnajjar 0009-0003-9964-5633

Tuğba Erdil Dinçel

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Alnajjar, A., & Erdil Dinçel, T. (2024). CHANGING FORMS AND FUNCTIONS: THE TRANSFORMATION OF MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE FROM THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD TO THE PRESENT. Mekansal Çalışmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 94-106.