Molecular mechanisms affecting estrogen receptor levels in breast cancer

Abstract

The initiation of breast cancer, estrogen and its receptor (ER) perform significant functions. ER has two dissimilar forms, and they are commonly called as ER-alpha (-α) and ER-beta (-β). ERs are transcription factors. Expressions of ER-alpha (-α) protein are mainly arranged by the pathway of ubiquitin-proteasome. The hormone-responsive gene expression modulated by ER-α in addition to other nuclear receptors is a complicated process, which involves various cellular responses.  And also, ER-α levels are related with the pathology and etiology of breast cancer. In this review which is about the transcription and expression of the ER-α gene may provide the find out biochemical mechanisms behind the breast carcinogenesis. The regulation of ER expression, histone-modifying enzymes, Progesterone receptor (PR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), hypoxia and lysine residuals in ER region described in detail in this work. Increasing the number of these studies, are very significant for developing new methods of estrogen-dependent cancers. 

Keywords

• Breast cancer,Estrogen receptors,Progesterone receptor,Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,Aryl hydrocarbon receptor,Glucocorticoid receptor

Meme kanserinde östrojen reseptör seviyelerini etkileyen moleküler mekanizmalar

Öz

Meme kanserinin tetiklenmesinde, östrojen ve reseptörünün (ER) önemli işlevleri bulunmaktadır. ER'nin iki farklı şekli yer almakta ve bunlar ER-alfa (-α) ve ER-beta (-β) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. ER'ler birer transkripsiyon faktörüdür. ER-alfa (-α) proteininin ifadeleri esas olarak ubikuitin-proteazom yolağı ile düzenlenmektedir. Diğer nükleer reseptörlere ek olarak ER-alfa tarafından modüle edilen hormona duyarlı gen ekspresyonu, çeşitli hücresel tepkimeleri içeren karmaşık bir moleküler süreçtir. Ayrıca ER-α düzeyleri, meme kanseri patolojisi ve etyolojisi ile de ilişkilendirilmektedir. ER-α geninin transkripsiyonu ve ekspresyonu ile ilgili olan bu derleme yoluyla meme karsinojenezinin alt yapısında yer alan biyokimyasal mekanizmaların daha net anlaşılabileceği düşünülmektedir. ER ekspresyonu, histon değiştirici enzimler, Progesteron reseptörü (PR), peroksizom proliferatörü ile aktive edilmiş reseptörler (PPAR), aril-hidrokarbon reseptörü (AhR), Glukokortikoid reseptörü (GR), hipoksi ve ER bölgesinde yer alan lizinin kalıntılarının regülasyonu bu derlemede detaylı bir biçimde anlatılmaktadır. Buna benzer çalışmaların sayısının artırılması, östrojen bağımlı kanserler için yeni yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi açısından oldukça önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Meme kanseri,Östrojen reseptörleri,Progesteron reseptörü,Peroksizom proliferatör aktive reseptör,Aril hidrokarbon reseptörü,Glukokortikoid reseptörü

Kaynakça

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