Childhood obesity: Is it related to feeding type of the infant?

Yıl 2020, , 943 - 946, 01.11.2020

Emel Ünsür , Narin Akıcı Didem Kızmaz

https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.810439

Öz

Aim: The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen currently, and the relationship between feeding types in the infancy period and childhood obesity remains controversial. It is aimed to investigate the impact of feeding practices in the first six months of life on early childhood obesity in exclusively breast-fed, exclusively formula-fed, and mixed (breast milk and formula) fed Turkish infants.
Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics at Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital with 545 children aged between 2-5 years. We asked the parents various questions to determine the feeding patterns during infancy. Three groups were formed: Exclusively breastfeed, exclusively formula-fed and the mixed (breast milk and formula) fed group. Obesity rates were determined according to body mass index (BMI) and compared.
Results: Among a total of 545 children, with a mean age of 3.4 years, there were 285 (52,3%) females. Evaluation based on BMI revealed that the obesity (≥95th percentile) rate was 8.8% and the percentage of overweight children was significantly higher in the only formula-fed group (28.2%) compared to those who were only breast-fed (16.8%) (P=0.009).
Conclusions: Our findings showed that feeding the child exclusively with formula during the first six months of life may increase body weight during early childhood more than feeding solely breast milk. Therefore, it is necessary to promote breastfeeding to prevent childhood obesity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

obesity, Breast milk, Formula, Infant

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

Çocukluk çağı obezitesi: Bebeklik döneminde beslenme şekli ile ilişkili mi?

Öz

Amaç: Çocukluk çağında obezite prevalansı günümüzde artmıştır, bebeklik dönemindeki beslenme şekli ile çocukluk çağı obezitesi arasındaki ilişki hala tartışmalıdır. Çalışmamızda ilk 6 ayda sadece anne sütüyle beslenen, sadece mama ile beslenen ve karma (anne sütü + mama) beslenen Türk bebeklerde beslenme uygulamalarının erken çocukluk çağı obezitesi üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntemler: Bu çalışma Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi pediatri bölümünde 2-5 yaş arası 545 çocuk ile yapıldı. Anne babalara ilk 6 aydaki bebeklik döneminde beslenme tiplerini belirlemek için anket yapıldı. Sadece anne sütüyle beslenen, sadece mama ile beslenen ve karma (anne sütü + mama) beslenen bebekler olarak beslenme şekillerine göre 3 grup oluşturuldu; 2-5 yaş çocukların vücut kitle indeksi hesaplandı ve bu gruplara göre obezite görülme oranı belirlendi ve birbirleri ile karşılaştırma yapıldı.
Bulgular: 285'i (%52, 3) kız olmak üzere toplam 545 çocuğun yaş ortalaması 3,4 idi. Vücut kitle indeksine göre yapılan değerlendirmede obezite (≥95 persantil) oranı genel olarak %8,8 olarak tespit edildi. Fazla kilolu çocukların yüzdesi ise sadece formül mama ile beslenen grupta (%28,2) hiç formül mama ile beslenmeyenlere (%16,8) göre anlamlı olarak yüksek bulundu (P=0,009).
Sonuçlar: Bulgularımız, mamayla beslenmenin vücut ağırlığını anne sütünden daha fazla artırabileceğini gösterdi; bu nedenle özellikle erken çocukluk çağındaki obeziteyi önlemek için ilk 6 ayda sadece anne sütü ile beslenmeyi teşvik etmek gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Obezite, Anne sütü, Formül mama, İnfant

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• 1. Akıncı A. Obesity in children. Children's Endocrinology and Diabetes Association Hand Book 2018;1:5-6.
• 2. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Moodie ML, Hall DK, Gortmaker SL, Swinburn BA, et al. Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture. The Lancet. 2015;385(9986):2510–20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61746-3.
• 3. Santas F, Santas G. Prevalence of pre-school children for overweight/obesity in Turkey. World Journal Pediatrics. 2018;14:77–83. doi: 10.1007/s12519-017-0103-9.
• 4. Raimi TH, Odusan O. Association of hypertension with generalized obesity in rural southwestern Nigeria. J Surg Med. 2020;4(3):177-81. doi: 10.28982/josam.593387
• 5. WooBaidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, et al. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1000 days: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50:761-79. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.012.
• 6. Bell KA, Wagner CL, Feldman HA, Shypailo RJ, Belfort MB. Associations of infant feeding with trajectories of body composition and growth. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(2):491-8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.151126.
• 7. Rzehak P, Oddy WH, Mearin ML, Grote V, Mori TA, Szajewska H, et al. Infant feeding and growth trajectory patterns in childhood and body composition in young adulthood. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:568 80. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140962.
• 8. Park SJ, Lee HJ. Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding reduce the risk of overweight in childhood: A nationwide longitudinal study in Korea. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice. 2018;12(2):222-8. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.01.001.
• 9. Appleton J, Russell CG, Laws R, Fowler C, Campbell K, Denney-Wilson E. Infant formula feeding practices associated with rapid weight gain: A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(3). doi: 10.1111/mcn.12602
• 10. Martin RM, Patel R, Kramer MS, Vilchuck K, Bogdanovich N, Sergeichick N, et al. Effects of promoting increased duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding on adiposity and insulin-like growth factor-I at age 11.5 years: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 March 13;309(10):1005–13. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.167.
• 11. Hopkins D, Steer CD, Northstone K, Emmett PM. Effects on childhood body habitus of feeding large volumes of cow or formula milk compared with breastfeeding in the latter part of infancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:1096–103. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.100529.
• 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). NCHS Data Brief. October 2017; No. 288:4
• 13. Yılmazbaş P, Gökçay G. Childhood Obesity and Prevention. J Child. 2018;18(3):103-12. doi:10.5222/j. child.2018.59389.
• 14. Turkey National Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) Report. 2018;143-6.
• 15. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Breastfeeding: A Mother’s Gift, for Every Child, 2018;1-13.
• 16. Hanson LÅ. Session 1: Feeding and infant development breast-feeding and immune function. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66(3):384–96. doi: 10.1017/S0029665107005654.
• 17. Leung AKC, Sauve RS. Breast is best for babies. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):1010–19. PMID: 16080672
• 18. Tharner A, Luijk MP, Raat H, Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Henriette AM, et al. Breastfeeding and its relation to maternal sensitivity and infant attachment. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33(5):396–404. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e318257fac3.
• 19. Casazza K, Pate R, Allison DB. Myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(23):2236–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1303009.
• 20. Martin RM, Kramer MS, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SH, Thompson, Yang S, et al. Effects of promoting longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding on adolescent adiposity, blood pressure, and longitudinal growth trajectories: evidence from the PROBIT cluster-randomized trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(7). doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0698.
• 21. Zheng J-S, Liu H, Li J, Chen Y, Wei C, Shen G, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding is inversely associated with risk of childhood overweight in a large chinese cohort. The Journal of nutrition. 2014;144(9):1454–9. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.193664
• 22. Estévez-González M, del Pino AS, Henríquez-Sánchez P, Peña-Quintana L, Saavedra-Santana P.Breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life, adiposity rebound and overweight/obesity at 8 years of age. International Journal of Obesity. 2016;40(1):10–13. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.228
• 23. Van der Willik EM, Vrijkotte TG, Altenburg TM, Gademan MG, Kist-van Holthe J. Exclusively breastfed overweight infants are at the same risk of childhood overweight as formula fed overweight infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2015;100(10):932–7. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308386
• 24. Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Bogdanovich N, Sevkovskaya Z, et al. Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;86(6):1717–21. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1717
• 25. O’Tierney PF, Barker DJ, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. Duration of breast-feeding and adiposity in adult life. The Journal of Nutrition. 2009;139(2):422S–5S. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.097089
• 26. Tian Q, Gao X, Sha T, Chen,C, Li,L, He Q, et al. Effect of Feeding Patterns on Growth and Nutritional Status of Children Aged 0-24 Months: A Chinese Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2019;14(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224968
• 27. Carling SJ, Demment MM, Kjolhede CL, Olson CM. Breastfeeding Duration and Weight Gain Trajectory in Infancy. Pediatrics, January 2015;Vol 135, no1, p 111-119. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1392
• 28. Pluymen LM, Wijga AH, Gehring U, Koppelman GH, Smit HA, Rossem L, et al. Early introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight in breastfed and formula-fed infants in the Netherlands: the PIAMA birth cohort study. European Journal of Nutrition. 2018;57:1985–93. PMID: 29470690
• 29. Savino F, Fissore MF, Liguori SA, Oggero R. Can hormones contained in mothers’ milk account for the beneficial effect of breastfeeding on obesity in children? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71:757–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03585.x
• 30. Wallby T, Lagerberg D, Magnusson M. Relationship Between Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Obesity: Results of a Prospective Longitudinal Study from Birth to 4 Years. Breastfeed Med. Jan/Feb 2017;12:48-53. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2016.0124
• 31. Ma J, Qiao Y, Zhao P, Li W. Breastfeeding and childhood obesity: A 12-country study. Matern Child Nutr 2020 Jul;16(3):1-9. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12984.
• 32. Malekzadeh JM, Synaii S, Koor BE, Falsafian G, Nakhaie MR. Growth Indices of Exclusively Breastfed Until 6 Months Age and Formula-Fed Infants in Southwest of Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10:207. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_36_18
• 33. Kondolot M, Poyrazoğlu S, Horoz D, Borlu A, Altunay C, Balcı E, et al. Risk factors for overweight and obesity in children aged 2-6 years. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017;30(5):499505. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0358.
• 34. Li Ruoweli, Magadia, J, Fein SB. Risk of Bottle-feeding for Rapid Weight Gain During the First Year of Life. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2012;166(5):431. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1665