The relationship between the prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety, and depression levels in the mothers of premature, and term newborns admitted to a pediatric emergency department

Yıl 2021, , 380 - 384, 01.04.2021

Sıdıka Çetin

https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.892101

Öz

Background/Aim: Postpartum depression is a frequent condition that is seen within 4 weeks after giving birth. In addition to the common symptoms of depression such as low mood, change in appetite, and poor concentration, mothers with postpartum depression also experience guilt about their presumed inability to look after their baby. Preterm birth occurs approximately in 9.4% of all births. Despite this high rate, the effects of prematurity on postpartum depression have not been investigated thoroughly. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of postpartum depression in mothers of premature and term newborns, evaluate the relationship between anxiety and depression levels, while determining the sources of stress in recent mothers.
Methods: The mothers who gave birth in the last three months to 50 premature and 50 term newborns who were admitted to the pediatric emergency service of a Training and Research Hospital between August 2017 and November 2017 were included in this cross-sectional type study. The participants filled out the sociodemographic and clinical data forms and responded to the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The results of the scales were statistically analyzed using SPSS 19.0 package program.
Results: According to the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, 32% of the mothers of preterms and 28% of the mothers of term newborns were diagnosed with postpartum depression. In 58% of the mothers of preterms and 68% of the mothers of terms, minimal depression was present. When the cases were grouped according to the results of the Beck Anxiety Inventory, mild anxiety was found in 34% of the mothers of preterms, while mild anxiety was present in 18% of the mothers of term newborns. Comparison of the mothers of preterm and term newborns according to postpartum depression, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Scale revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Although the prevalence of postpartum depression and mild anxiety was higher in mothers of premature children, the results were not statistically significant. Studies with larger samples or meta-analysis of several studies may yield more significant results which may enable allocation of limited mental health resources to the mothers of premature children.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Postpartum depression, Preterm, Term

Kaynakça

• 1. Öztürk M, Uluşahin A. Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2014.
• 2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
• 3. O’Hara MW, Wisner KL. Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:3–12.
• 4. Karamustafalıoğlu N, Tomruk N. Postpartum hüzün ve depresyonlar. Duygudurum Dizisi. 2000;2:64–71.
• 5. Kadioglu BG, Kamalak Z, Özpolat G, Biçen E. Planlı ve acil sezaryen olanlarda depresyon skorlarının değerlendirilmesi. JOSAM. 2014;3:149-54.
• 6. Putnam KT, Wilcox M, Robertson-Blackmore E, Sharkey K, Bergink V, Munk-Olsen T, et al. Clinical phenotypes of perinatal depression and time of symptom onset: analysis of data from an international consortium. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:477–85. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30136-0.
• 7. Lusskin SI, Pundiak TM, Habib SM. Perinatal depression: Hiding in plain sight. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52:479–88. doi: 10.1177/070674370705200802.
• 8. Stuart S, Koleva H. Psychological treatments for perinatal depression. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:61–70.
• 9. Viguera A. Mild to moderate postpartum unipolar major depression: Treatment. In: UpTodate. Literature review current through: Jul 2019. This topic last updated: Nov. UpToDate Inc Waltham, MA; 2018.
• 10. Putnam K, Robertson-Blackmore E, Sharkey K, Payne J, Bergink V, Munk-Olsen T, et al. Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: A latent class analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:59–67. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00055-8.
• 11. MacQueen GM, Frey BN, Ismail Z, Jaworska N, Steiner M, Lieshout RJV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: Section 6. Special populations: Youth, women, and the elderly. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61:588–603. doi: 10.1177/0706743716659276.
• 12. Muzik M, Marcus SM, Heringhausen JE, Flynn H. When Depression Complicates Childbearing: Guidelines for Screening and Treatment During Antenatal and Postpartum Obstetric Care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2009;36:771–88.
• 13. Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet. 2014;384:1775–88. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9.
• 14. O’Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression - A meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1996;8:37–54. doi: 10.3109/09540269609037816.
• 15. Klein MH, Essex MJ. Pregnant or depressed? The effect of overlap between symptoms of depression and somatic complaints of pregnancy on rates of major depression in the second trimester. Depression. 1994;2:308–14. doi: 10.1002/depr.3050020606.
• 16. Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Mount JH, Milne K, Cordy NI. Prevalence Rates and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Depression in Pregnancy and the Postpartum. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57:269–74.
• 17. Stein A, Cooper PJ, Campbell EA, Day A, Altham PME. Social adversity and perinatal complications: Their relation to postnatal depression. Br Med J. 1989;298:1073–4. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6680.1073.
• 18. Kelly A, Deakin B. Postnatal depression and antenatal morbidity. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:577–8. doi: 10.1192/bjp.161.4.577b.
• 19. Nielsen D, Videbech P, Hedegaard M, Dalby J, Secher NJ. Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;107:1210–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x.
• 20. Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ. Major depression and cigarette smoking: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med. 2003;33:1357–67. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703008596.
• 21. Morales AW, Marks MN, Kumar R. Smoking in pregnancy: A study of psychosocial and reproductive risk factors. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;18:247–54. doi: 10.3109/01674829709080695.
• 22. Segre LS, O’Hara MW, Arndt S, Stuart S. The prevalence of postpartum depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42:316–21. doi: 10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1.
• 23. Atar Gürel S, Gürel H. The evaluation of determinants of early postpartum low mood: The importance of parity and inter-pregnancy interval. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000;91:21–4. doi: 10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00224-9.
• 24. Righetti-Veltema M, Conne-Perréard E, Bousquet A, Manzano J. Risk factors and predictive signs of postpartum depression. J Affect Disord. 1998;49:167–80.
• 25. Chung EK, McCollum KF, Elo IT, Lee HJ, Culhane JF. Maternal depressive symptoms and infant health practices among low-income women. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e523–9. doi: 10.1542/peds.113.6.e523.
• 26. Reading R, Reynolds S. Debt, social disadvantage and maternal depression. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53:441–53.
• 27. Goodman JH. Postpartum depression beyond the early postpartum period. JOGNN - J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33:410–20. doi: 10.1177/0884217504266915.
• 28. Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, et al. Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1856–63. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1856.
• 29. Mclennan JD, Kotelchuck M, Cho H. Prevalence, persistence, and correlates of depressive symptoms in a national sample of mothers of toddlers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:1316–23. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200111000-00012.
• 30. Gross KH, Wells CS, Radigan-Garcia A, Dietz PM. Correlates of self-reports of being very depressed in the months after delivery: results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Matern Child Health J. 2002;6:247–53. doi: 10.1023/A:1021110100339.
• 31. Dias CC, Figueiredo B. Breastfeeding and depression: A systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2015;171:142–54.