An Alternative Way in the Parent-Child Relationship: Mindful Parenting

Öz

It is known that the relationship established between parent and child will have an impact on the mental health of both the individual and the society. Many information, ways and methods can be followed to ensure that the relationship in question is healthy. Mindfulness-based studies, which we frequently encounter today, find a place in the parent-child relationship. In this study, the aim is to discuss the concept of "mindful parenting", which has not been widely studied in the national literature yet. In this way, it would be beneficial to state that there can be an alternative way in parent-child relationship. By benefiting from the studies on this subject, the concept has been dealt with theoretically and practically and presented in a review. It is thought that the introduction of the concept will contribute to the studies on conscious-mindful parenting in our country. Within the scope of the study, respectively; the definition of the concept of mindful parenting, what it is based on, its sub-dimensions, the measurability and evaluation of mindful parenting, its reflections on parents and children are discussed. At the last stage of the study, suggestions for researchers and practitioners were given along with the studies in our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Family
• mindfulness
• mindful parenting
• parent-child relationship

Ebeveyn-Çocuk İlişkisinde Alternatif Bir Yol: Bilinçli-Farkındalıklı Ebeveynlik

Öz

Ebeveyn ve çocuk arasında kurulan ilişkinin hem bireyin hem de toplumun ruh sağlığına etkisi olacağı bilinmektedir. Söz konusu ilişkinin sağlıklı olması için pek çok bilgi, yol ve yöntem izlenebilir. Günümüzde sıkça karşılaşmaya başladığımız bilinçli-farkındalık temelli çalışmalar ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisinde de kendine yer bulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ise amaç, ulusal alan yazında henüz yaygın olarak çalışılmamış olan “bilinçli-farkındalıklı (mindful) ebeveynlik” kavramını ele almaktır. Bu sayede ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisinde alternatif bir yol olabileceğinin belirtilmesinin yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalardan faydalanılarak teorik ve pratik açıdan kavram ele alınmıştır ve bir derleme yapılarak sunulmuştur. Kavramın tanıtılması ile ülkemizde bilinçli-farkındalıklı ebeveynlik ile ilgili çalışmalara katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında sırasıyla; bilinçli-farkındalıklı ebeveynlik kavramının tanımı, temelinde neler olduğu, alt boyutları, bilinçli-farkındalıklı ebeveynliğin ölçülebilirliği ve değerlendirilmesi, ebeveyn ve çocuğa yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın son aşamasında ise ülkemizdeki çalışmalarla birlikte araştırmacı ve uygulamacılara yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aile
• bilinçli-farkındalık
• bilinçli-farkındalıklı ebeveynlik
• ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisi

Kaynakça

1. Akın, A., Abacı, R. & Çetin, B. (2007). Bilişötesi Farkındalık Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 7(2), 655-680.
2. Arıcı Özcan, N., Yakut, A. & İslamoğlu, M. (2019). Annelerin annelerinden algıladıkları ret ile iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişkide ebeveyn bilinçli farkındalığının aracı rolü. Kadem Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 237-261.
3. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. The American Psychologist, 54, 462–479. doi:10.1037/ 0003-066X.54.7.462.
4. Bazzano, A., Wolfe, C., Zylowska, L., Wang, S., Schuster, E., Barrett, C. & Lehrer, D. (2015). Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for parents and caregivers of ındividuals with developmental disabilities: A community-based approach. Journal of Child Family Studies, 24, 298–308. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9836-9
5. Beer, M., Ward,L. & Moar, K.(2013).The relationship between mindful parenting and distress in parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 4(2), 102–112. doi: 10.1007/ s12671-012-0192-4.
6. Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55 (1), 83–96.
7. Benton, J., Coatsworth, D. & Biringen, Z. (2019). Examining the association between emotional availability and mindful parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 1650–1663. doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01384-x
8. Bornstein, M. H. (2002). Parenting infants. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (p. 3–43). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

9. Bögels, S. M., Hellemans, J., van Deursen, S., Römer, M. & van der Meulen, R. (2013) Mindful parenting in mental health care: Effects on parental and child psychopathology, parental stress, parenting, coparenting, and marital functioning. Mindfulness 5(5), 536–551. doi: 10.1007/s1267 1-013-0209-7
10. Bögels, S., Hoogstad, B., van Dun, L., de Schutter, S. & Restifo, K. (2008). Mindfulness training for adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36,193-209.
11. Bögels, S. M. & Restifo, K. (2014). Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners. New York: Springer.
12. Bӧgels, S. M. & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006). Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 834–856.
13. Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T. & Nix, R. L. (2010). Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 203-217.
14. Coatsworth, J. D., Timpe, Z., Nix, R., Duncan, L. ve Greenberg, M. (2018). Changes in mindful parenting: Associations with changes in parenting, parent–youth relationship quality, and youth behavior. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 9(4),511–529. doi: 10.1086/701148.
15. Crnic, K.A. & Greenberg, M.T. (1990). Minor parenting stress with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628—1637.
16. Davidov, M. & Grusec, J.E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77(1), 44-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x
17. Day, R. D., & Lamb, M. E. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring father involvement: pathways, problems, and progress. In R. D. Day., & M. E. Lamb, (Eds.), Conceptualizing and Measuring Father Involvement (1-15), New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. De Bruin,E. I., Zijlstra, B.J.H., Geurtzen, N., van Zundert, R.M. P., van de Weijer-Bergsma, E., Hartman, E. E., Nieuwesteeg, A. M., Duncan,L.G. & Bögels, S.M. (2014). Mindful parentingassessed further: psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the interpersonal mindfulness in parenting scale (IM-P). Mindfulness, 5, 200–212.
19. Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5(3),314–332.
20. Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25.
21. Duncan, L. G. (2007). Assessment of mindful parenting among parents of early adolescents: Development and validation of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (Doctoral dissertation thesis). The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
22. Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J.D. & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child Family Psychology Review, 12, 255–270. doi: 10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3
23. Duncan, L.G. & Bardacke, N. (2010). Mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting education: Promoting family mindfulness during the perinatal period. Journal of Child Family Studies, 19, 190–202. doi: 10.1007/s10826-009-9313-7
24. Elgendy, R.S., El Malky, M.I. & Ebrahem, S.M. (2020). Mindful parenting and stress among parents with children having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 7 (2), 293-305.
25. Fernandes, D.F., Canavarro, M. C. & Moreira, H. (2020). The mediating role of parenting stress in the relationship between anxious and depressive symptomatology, mothers’ perception of infant temperament, and mindful parenting during the postpartum period. Mindfulness, 12. doi: 10.1007/s12671-020-01327-4
26. Geurtzen, N., Scholte, R.H.J., Engels, R.C.M.E., Tak, Y.R. & van Zundert, R.M.P. (2015). Association between mindful parenting and adolescents’ internalizing problems: Non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child Family Studies, 24, 1117–1128. doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-9920-9
27. Goldstein, J. (2002). One dharma: The emerging Western Buddhism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
28. Goodnow, J. J. (1985). Change and variation in ideas about childhood and parenting. In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (pp. 235–270). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
29. Gouvela, M.J., Canavarro, M.C. & Moreira, H. (2020). The role of mindful parenting and children’s weight in mothers’ childfeeding practices. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25, 427–435 doi: 10.1007/s40519-018-0615-x
30. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F. & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta‐emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Gördesli, M. A., Arslan, R., Çekici, F., Sünbül, Z. A. & Malkoç, A. (2019). The psychometric properties of the Mindfulness in Teaching Scale in Turkish sample. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 381-386. Hanh, T. N. (1976). The miracle of mindfulness. Boston : Beacon Press.
32. Haydicky , J., Shecter, C., Wiener, J. & Ducharme, J. M. (2015). Evaluation of MBCT for adolescents with ADHD and their parents: Impact on individual and family functioning. Journal of Child Family Studies, 24, 76–94. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9815-1
33. Herdman, E. A. (2006). Derleme makale yazımında, konferans ve bildiri sunumu hazırlamada pratik bilgiler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 3(1), 2-4.
34. Hwang, Y.S. & Kearney, P. (2014). Mindful and mutual care for individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic literature review. Journal of Child Family Studies, 23(3), 497–509.
35. Işık, E. (2020). Bilinçli farkındalık aile eğitim programının ebeveynlerin bilinçli farkındalıkları, yetkinlik algıları ve iletişim düzeyleri ile çocukların davranış sorunları üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
36. Jones, L., Hastings, R.P., Totsika, V., Keane, L. & Rhule, N.(2014). Child behavior problems and parental well-being in families of children with autism: The mediating role of mindfulness and acceptance. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119(2), 171-185.
37. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016
38. Kabat-Zinn, M. & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1997). Everyday blessings: The inner work of mindful parenting. New York: Hyperion.
39. Kaner, S., Bayraklı, H. ve Güzeller, O.C. (2011). Anne babaların yılmazlık algılarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 12(2), 63–78.
40. Kil, H. & Antanocci, R. (2020). Mindful parenting programs in non-clinical contexts: A qualitative review of child outcomes and programs, and recommendations for future research. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1887–1898. doi: 10.1007/s10826-020-01714-4
41. Kumalasari, D. & Fourianalistyawati, E. (2020). The role of mindful parenting to the parenting stress in mothers with children at early age. Jurnal Psikologi, 19(2), 135-142.
42. Leinonen, J.A., Solantaus, T.S. & Punamäki, L.N. (2003). Parental mental health and children's adjustment: the quality of marital interaction and parenting as mediating factors. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(2), 227-241. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.t01-1-00116
43. Lippold, M. A., Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., Nix, R. L. & Greenberg, M. T. (2015). Understanding how mindful parenting may be linked to mother–adolescent communication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(9), 1663–1673.
44. Ljubetic, M. & Ercegovac, I.R. (2019). The relationship between mindful parenting, cognitive parental awareness, and the subjective well-being of adolescents. Metodicki Ogledi, 27 (1), 103-126.
45. McCaffrey, S., Reitman, D. & Black, R. (2017). Mindfulness In Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ): Development and validation of a measure of mindful parenting. Mindfulness, 8, 232–246. doi: 10.1007/s12671-016-0596-7
46. Medeiros, C., Gouveia, M.J., Canavarro, M.C. & Moreira, H. (2016). The indirect effect of the mindful parenting of mothers and fathers on the child’s perceived well-being through the child’s attachment to parents. Mindfulness 7, 916–927. doi: 10.1007/s12671-016-0530-z
47. Neece, C.L. (2013). Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for parents of young children with developmental delays: implications for parental mental health and child behavior problems. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27 (2), 174-186. doi: 10.1111/jar.12064
48. Pekel-Uludağlı, N. (2017). Baba katılımında etkili faktörler ve baba katılımının baba, anne ve çocuk açısından yararları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 20, 70-88.
49. Perez-Blasco, J., Viguer, P. & Rodrigo, M.F. (2013). Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on psychological distress, well-being, and maternal self-efficacy in breast-feeding mothers: results of a pilot study. Arch Womens Ment Health 16, 227–236. doi: 10.1007/s00737-013-0337-z
50. Potharst, E.S., Aktar, E., Rexwinkel, M., Rigterink, M. & Bögels, S.M. (2017).Mindful with your baby: feasibility, acceptability, and effects of a mindful parenting group training for mothers and their babies in a mental health context. Mindfulness, 8, 1236–1250. doi: 10.1007/s12671017-0699-9
51. Siegel, D. J. & Hartzell, M. (2003). Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper self understanding can help you raise children who thrive. New York: Penguin.
52. Siegel, D. J. (2010). The mindful therapist: A clinician's guide to mindsight and neural integration. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.
53. Singh, N., Lancioni, G.E., Winton, A.S.W., Singh, J., Curtis, J., Wahler, R. G. & McAleavey, K.M. (2007). Mindful parenting decreases aggression and increases social behavior in children with developmental disabilities. Behavior Modification, 31, 749–771.
54. Singh, N.N., Lancioni, G.E., Medvedev, O.D., Hwang, Y.S. & Myers, R. E. (2020). A component analysis of the mindfulness-based positive behavior support (MBPBS) Program for mindful parenting by mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 12, 463–475. doi: 10.1007/s12671-020-01376-9
55. Susanti, R.N. (2017). Efektivitas pelatihan mindfulness untuk meningkatkan psychological well-being ıbu bekerja yang mengalamı work-family conflict (Master thesis). University of Surabaya, Indonesia.
56. Teasdale, J.D., Segal, Z. & Williams, J.M.G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25-39. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7
57. Van de Weijer-Bergsma, E., Formsma, A.R., de Bruin, E.I. & Bögels,S. M. (2012). The effectiveness of mindfulness training on behavioral problems and attentional functioning in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 775-787.
58. Van der Oord, S., Bögels, S.M. & Peijnenburg, D. (2012). The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents. Journal of Child Family Studies, 21, 139–147.
59. Vostanis, P., Graves, A., Meltzer, H., Goodman, R., Jenkins, R & Brugha, T. (2006). Relationship between parental psychopathology, parenting strategies and child mental health. Social Psychiatry Psychiatry Epidemiology, 41, 509–514.
60. Yu, Y., McGrew, J. H. & Boloor, J. (2019). Effects of caregiver-focused programs on psychosocial outcomes in caregivers of individuals with ASD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 4761–4779.
61. Türsel, E.G. (2019). İkili ABCX stres modeli kapsamında bir inceleme: Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk tanılı çocukların ebeveynlerinin aile uyumu ve duygu sosyalleştirme tepkileri (Yüksek lisans tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.