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A Comparative Perspective on Fee Policies Used in OECD Countries for Financing Higher Education

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 201 - 233, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1484858

Öz

One of the biggest problems faced by countries globally is the financing of higher education. Especially in the face of increasing demand for higher education and limited public resources, countries are in need of reform in terms of financing higher education. In recent years, there has been a global trend towards the adoption of higher education financing strategies that focus on cost sharing. The purpose of this study is to examine the higher education financing policies of countries with different systems compared to Turkey, to address the financial challenges in Turkish higher education financing, to recognize alternative financing options and to suggest strategies for Türkiye to expand its financing sources. For this reason, the study is “descriptive” and the data on the countries are analyzed by using the “documentary scanning” method. A comparative perspective on higher education financing is presented by analyzing the current higher education financing policies in OECD countries and their current remuneration schemes. The study covers all OECD member countries. As a sample, the current state of financing models and fee structures in seven countries, including the United States, Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Russia, the United States, Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, Japan and Russia, each with different higher education finance policies, are presented. In order to improve higher education financing in Türkiye, it is suggested that the “Income- Contingent Loan” method, which is offered to the student on an optional basis in the collection of debts in higher education financing systems, should be implemented as an alternative student borrowing method, even if it is not generally used in every country.

Kaynakça

  • Aguilera-Barchet, B. (2012). A Higher Education for the Twenty-first Century: European and Us Approaches. European View, 11(1), 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-012-0195-5
  • Akça, H. (2012). "Yükseköğretimin finansmanı ve Türkiye için yükseköğretim finansman modeli önerisi". Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 19 (1), 91-104
  • Albrecht, D., & Ziderman, A. (1993). Student loans: an effective instrument for cost recovery in higher education?. The World Bank Research Observer, 8(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/8.1.71
  • Ates, H. (2019). A model proposal for higher education financing, management, distribution and audit in Turkey by evaluating the practices in OECD Countries. Education Reform Journal, 4(2), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.22596/erj2019.04.02.54.70
  • ATO, Australian Taxation Office (2024). (Study and training loan indexation rates | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au) online,22.03.2024)
  • Australian Goverment (2024a). 2024 Commonwealth Supported Places and HECS-HELP İnformation,. (https://www.studyassist.gov.au/system/files/documents/2023-12/Final%202024%20CSP%20and%20HECS-HELP%20booklet.pdf , online,22.03.2024)
  • Australian Goverment (2024b). 2024 Commonwealth Supported Places and HECS-HELP İnformation,. ( https://www.studyassist.gov.au/resources/2024-fee-help-information-booklet,online, 22.03.2024)
  • Australian Goverment c (2024c). 2024 OS-HELP Statement of Terms and Condıtıons, (https://www.studyassist.gov.au/resources/2024-os-help-statement-terms-and-conditions , online, 22.03.2024)
  • BAföG.(2022). Bundesgesetz über individuelle Förderung der Ausbildung (Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz - BAföG) , "Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 7. Dezember 2010 (BGBl. I S. 1952; 2012 I S. 197), das zuletzt durch Artikel 3 des Gesetzes vom 21. Dezember 2022 (BGBl. I S. 2847) geändert worden ist" [Online: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/baf_g/BJNR014090971.html#BJNR014090971BJNG000201310], Date of access:03.03.2023.
  • Bain, O. (1999). Tuition policy issues in Russian higher education. Australian Universities' Review, The, 42(1999-2000), 36-44.
  • Barr, N. (2014). Income contingent loans and higher education financing: Theory and practice. In Income contingent loans: Theory, practice and prospects (pp. 63-75). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208_6
  • Barr, N., Chapman, B., Dearden, L., & Dynarski, S. (2019). The US college loans system: Lessons from Australia and England. Economics of Education Review, 71, 32-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.07.007
  • Bolton, P. (2019). Student loan statistics. Briefing paper, 1079.
  • Bolton, P. (2023). Student loan statistics. Briefing paper, 1079.
  • Cerdeira, L. (2009). Cost-sharing policy in the European higher education: A comparative perspective. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 15, 60.
  • Chapman, B. (2014). "Income Contingent Loans: Background". B. Chapman, T. Higgins, & J. E. Stiglitz in, Income Contingent Loans:Background, Income Contingent Loans; Theory,Practice and Prospects (pp. 26-39). London: Palvarage, ISBN: 9781137413208. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208
  • Chapman, B., & Hicks, T. (2018). The political economy of the higher education contribution scheme. In Handbook on the politics of higher education (pp. 248-264). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786435026.00023
  • Chapman, B., & Lounkaew, K. (2015). Measuring the value of externalities from higher education. Higher education, 70, 767-785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9866-x
  • Chapman, B., & Nicholls, J. (2013). Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). Crawford School Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies Research Paper, (02). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2307733
  • Dezhina, I. G., & Nafikova, T. N. (2019). Tuition fees as a source of funding and a policy instrument: international experience. Университетское управление: практика и анализ, 23(5), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2019.05.038
  • Diris, R., & Ooghe, E. (2015). The economics of financing higher education. Public Economics, Discussion Paper Series, 15(21). 1-74. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676524
  • Diris, R., & Ooghe, E. (2018). The economics of financing higher education. Economic Policy, 33(94), 265-314. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiy003
  • Ergen, Z. (2006). Yükseköğretimin finansmanında öğrenci borçlanma yöntemi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 133-149.
  • Eurydice (European Union). “National Education Systems” [Online: https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems]. Date of access: 06.01.2024.
  • Findler, F., Schönherr, N., & Martinuzzi, A. (2019). Higher education institutions as transformative agents for a sustainable society. Chancen und Grenzen der Nachhaltigkeitstransformation: Ökonomische und soziologische Perspektiven, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22438-7_6
  • Friedman, M. (1955). The role of government in education. Economics and the public interest, 2(2), 85-107.
  • Garritzmann, J. L. (2016). The political economy of higher education finance. The Politics of Tuition Fees and Subsidies in OECD Countries, 1945-2015. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garritzmann, J.L. (2024). Higher education funding across the globe: An Overview on Funding of Higher and Further Education and Research, its Political and Socio-Economic Causes, and some Consequences, across the Globe. Published by Education International - May 2024 ISBN 978-92-9276-006-9(PDF)
  • Gölpek, F. (2011). Yükseköğretim finansman politikasında yeni bir yaklaşım: Maliyet paylaşımı . Yükseköğretim Dergisi, I (1), 25-33.
  • Grave, B. S., & Sinning, M. (2014). Why don’t we just give them the money? Financing living expenses of students in Germany. In Income Contingent Loans: Theory, Practice and Prospects (pp. 109-124). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208_10
  • Hauptman, A. M. (2006). Institutional tuition fee discounts: Cost sharing without loans. International Higher Education, (45).
  • Higgins, T. (2019). The higher education contribution scheme: Keeping tertiary education affordable and accessible. In Successful Public Policy. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/SPP.2019.03
  • Irwin, V., De La Rosa, J., Wang, K., Hein, S., Zhang, J., Burr, R., Roberts, A., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., Dilig, R., and Parker, S. (2022). Report on the Condition of Education 2022 (NCES 2022-144). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved [date] from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/ pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2022144.
  • JASSO (Japan Student Services Organization) (2022). JASSO Outline 2022’2023. [Online: https://www.jasso.go.jp/en/gakusei/index.html ], Date of access: 10.03.2023.
  • Johnstone, B. (2009). Financing higher education: Who pays and other issues. The American university in the 21st century: Social, political, and economic challenges, 347-369.
  • Johnstone, B. D. (2005). Higher educational accessibility and financial viability: The role of student loans. World Report on Higher Education: The Financing of Üniversities, II.İnternational Barcelona Conference on Higher Education,Global Üniversity Network for Innovation,May 24-25 and November 28-30, (pp. 1-28). Barcelona.
  • Johnstone, D. B., & Marcucci, P. (2007). Student loans in international context: A primer.
  • Jongbloed, B. (2004). Tuition fees in Europe and Australasia: theory, trends and policies. In Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 241-310). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2456-8_7
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 201 - 233, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1484858

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aguilera-Barchet, B. (2012). A Higher Education for the Twenty-first Century: European and Us Approaches. European View, 11(1), 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-012-0195-5
  • Akça, H. (2012). "Yükseköğretimin finansmanı ve Türkiye için yükseköğretim finansman modeli önerisi". Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 19 (1), 91-104
  • Albrecht, D., & Ziderman, A. (1993). Student loans: an effective instrument for cost recovery in higher education?. The World Bank Research Observer, 8(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/8.1.71
  • Ates, H. (2019). A model proposal for higher education financing, management, distribution and audit in Turkey by evaluating the practices in OECD Countries. Education Reform Journal, 4(2), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.22596/erj2019.04.02.54.70
  • ATO, Australian Taxation Office (2024). (Study and training loan indexation rates | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au) online,22.03.2024)
  • Australian Goverment (2024a). 2024 Commonwealth Supported Places and HECS-HELP İnformation,. (https://www.studyassist.gov.au/system/files/documents/2023-12/Final%202024%20CSP%20and%20HECS-HELP%20booklet.pdf , online,22.03.2024)
  • Australian Goverment (2024b). 2024 Commonwealth Supported Places and HECS-HELP İnformation,. ( https://www.studyassist.gov.au/resources/2024-fee-help-information-booklet,online, 22.03.2024)
  • Australian Goverment c (2024c). 2024 OS-HELP Statement of Terms and Condıtıons, (https://www.studyassist.gov.au/resources/2024-os-help-statement-terms-and-conditions , online, 22.03.2024)
  • BAföG.(2022). Bundesgesetz über individuelle Förderung der Ausbildung (Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz - BAföG) , "Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 7. Dezember 2010 (BGBl. I S. 1952; 2012 I S. 197), das zuletzt durch Artikel 3 des Gesetzes vom 21. Dezember 2022 (BGBl. I S. 2847) geändert worden ist" [Online: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/baf_g/BJNR014090971.html#BJNR014090971BJNG000201310], Date of access:03.03.2023.
  • Bain, O. (1999). Tuition policy issues in Russian higher education. Australian Universities' Review, The, 42(1999-2000), 36-44.
  • Barr, N. (2014). Income contingent loans and higher education financing: Theory and practice. In Income contingent loans: Theory, practice and prospects (pp. 63-75). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208_6
  • Barr, N., Chapman, B., Dearden, L., & Dynarski, S. (2019). The US college loans system: Lessons from Australia and England. Economics of Education Review, 71, 32-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.07.007
  • Bolton, P. (2019). Student loan statistics. Briefing paper, 1079.
  • Bolton, P. (2023). Student loan statistics. Briefing paper, 1079.
  • Cerdeira, L. (2009). Cost-sharing policy in the European higher education: A comparative perspective. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 15, 60.
  • Chapman, B. (2014). "Income Contingent Loans: Background". B. Chapman, T. Higgins, & J. E. Stiglitz in, Income Contingent Loans:Background, Income Contingent Loans; Theory,Practice and Prospects (pp. 26-39). London: Palvarage, ISBN: 9781137413208. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208
  • Chapman, B., & Hicks, T. (2018). The political economy of the higher education contribution scheme. In Handbook on the politics of higher education (pp. 248-264). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786435026.00023
  • Chapman, B., & Lounkaew, K. (2015). Measuring the value of externalities from higher education. Higher education, 70, 767-785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9866-x
  • Chapman, B., & Nicholls, J. (2013). Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). Crawford School Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies Research Paper, (02). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2307733
  • Dezhina, I. G., & Nafikova, T. N. (2019). Tuition fees as a source of funding and a policy instrument: international experience. Университетское управление: практика и анализ, 23(5), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2019.05.038
  • Diris, R., & Ooghe, E. (2015). The economics of financing higher education. Public Economics, Discussion Paper Series, 15(21). 1-74. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676524
  • Diris, R., & Ooghe, E. (2018). The economics of financing higher education. Economic Policy, 33(94), 265-314. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiy003
  • Ergen, Z. (2006). Yükseköğretimin finansmanında öğrenci borçlanma yöntemi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 133-149.
  • Eurydice (European Union). “National Education Systems” [Online: https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems]. Date of access: 06.01.2024.
  • Findler, F., Schönherr, N., & Martinuzzi, A. (2019). Higher education institutions as transformative agents for a sustainable society. Chancen und Grenzen der Nachhaltigkeitstransformation: Ökonomische und soziologische Perspektiven, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22438-7_6
  • Friedman, M. (1955). The role of government in education. Economics and the public interest, 2(2), 85-107.
  • Garritzmann, J. L. (2016). The political economy of higher education finance. The Politics of Tuition Fees and Subsidies in OECD Countries, 1945-2015. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garritzmann, J.L. (2024). Higher education funding across the globe: An Overview on Funding of Higher and Further Education and Research, its Political and Socio-Economic Causes, and some Consequences, across the Globe. Published by Education International - May 2024 ISBN 978-92-9276-006-9(PDF)
  • Gölpek, F. (2011). Yükseköğretim finansman politikasında yeni bir yaklaşım: Maliyet paylaşımı . Yükseköğretim Dergisi, I (1), 25-33.
  • Grave, B. S., & Sinning, M. (2014). Why don’t we just give them the money? Financing living expenses of students in Germany. In Income Contingent Loans: Theory, Practice and Prospects (pp. 109-124). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208_10
  • Hauptman, A. M. (2006). Institutional tuition fee discounts: Cost sharing without loans. International Higher Education, (45).
  • Higgins, T. (2019). The higher education contribution scheme: Keeping tertiary education affordable and accessible. In Successful Public Policy. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/SPP.2019.03
  • Irwin, V., De La Rosa, J., Wang, K., Hein, S., Zhang, J., Burr, R., Roberts, A., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., Dilig, R., and Parker, S. (2022). Report on the Condition of Education 2022 (NCES 2022-144). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved [date] from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/ pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2022144.
  • JASSO (Japan Student Services Organization) (2022). JASSO Outline 2022’2023. [Online: https://www.jasso.go.jp/en/gakusei/index.html ], Date of access: 10.03.2023.
  • Johnstone, B. (2009). Financing higher education: Who pays and other issues. The American university in the 21st century: Social, political, and economic challenges, 347-369.
  • Johnstone, B. D. (2005). Higher educational accessibility and financial viability: The role of student loans. World Report on Higher Education: The Financing of Üniversities, II.İnternational Barcelona Conference on Higher Education,Global Üniversity Network for Innovation,May 24-25 and November 28-30, (pp. 1-28). Barcelona.
  • Johnstone, D. B., & Marcucci, P. (2007). Student loans in international context: A primer.
  • Jongbloed, B. (2004). Tuition fees in Europe and Australasia: theory, trends and policies. In Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (pp. 241-310). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2456-8_7
  • Karasar, N. (2010). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi 21. Baskı. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım,
  • Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel. KYK (Kredi ve Yurtlar Genel Müdürlüğü),(2024a).” Burs ve Kredi” [Online: https://kygm.gsb.gov.tr/HaberDetaylari/1/10008/266847/burs-ogrenim-kredisi-sonuclari-aciklandi.aspx]. Date of access: 20.04.2024.
  • KYK (Kredi ve Yurtlar Genel Müdürlüğü),(2024b).” Burs ve Kredi” [Online: https://kygm.gsb.gov.tr/HaberDetaylari/1/267069/burs-kredi-odemeleri-basladi.aspx]. Date of access: 20.04.2024.
  • Maloy Jr, K. H. (2018). Higher education student debt & Tuition costs [Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver].
  • MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı). (2024). "Milli eğitim istatistikleri örgün eğitim 2022/2023 " [Online: https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2023_09/29151106_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2022_2023.pdf], Date of access: 20.04.2024.
  • Murto, M. J. (2024). Student loans and college majors: The role of repayment plan structure. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Office of Research Working Paper, (24-01). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4744213
  • NCES.(2024). National center for education statistics [Online: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cue ], Date of access: 10.05.2024.
  • OECD (2023), Education at a glance 2023: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e13bef63-en.
  • OECD (2024). “Data” [Online: https://data.oecd.org/]. Date of access: 10.01.2024.
  • Özekicioğlu, S. (2013). Yükseköğretimin finansmanında güncel yaklaşımlar: borçlanma ile finansman. Derin Yayınları.
  • Shen, H., Shen, H., & Ziderman, A. (2009). Student loans repayment in China: designing a new model to ease the repayment burden. Higher education in Europe, 34(2), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720902867641
  • SLC.(2024). Student Loans Company [Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/student-loans-company/about#about-us], Date of access: 10.03.2024.
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2014. “Remarks on ıncome contingent loans: How effective can they be at mitigating risk?” In ıncome contingent loans: Theory, practice, and prospects., ed. Bruce Chapman, Timothy Higgins and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Chapter 2, 31–38. Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137413208_3
  • The World Bank (2024). “Data” [Online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/search?q=data]. Date of access: 05.01.2024.
  • The World Bank. (2000). Higher education in developing countries: Peril and promise. [Online: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/345111467989458740/pdf/multi-page.pdf ], Date of access: 20.05.2023.
  • URL-1. Studentaid [Online: https://studentaid.gov/sites/default/files/federal-loan-programs.pdf ], Date of access: 10.05.2023.
  • URL-2. Studentaid/Types loan [Online: https://studentaid.gov/understand-aid/types/loans/subsidized-unsubsidized ], Date of access: 10.05.2023.
  • URL-3. The State Council The People’s Rebuplic of China/China Raises Raises Student Loan Ceiling [Online: http://english.www.gov.cn/news/pressbriefings/202109/15/content_WS6141423ac6d0df57f98e02f8.html], Date of access: 10.03.2023
  • URL-4. Kredi ve Yurtlar Genel Müdürlüğü/Beslenme[Online: https://kygm.gsb.gov.tr/Sayfalar/2435/2389/beslenme.aspx)], Date of access: 01.04.2024
  • URL-5. Kredi ve Yurtlar Genel Müdürlüğü [Online https://kygm.gsb.gov.tr/HaberDetaylari/1/10008/266847/burs-ogrenim-kredisi-sonuclari-aciklandi.aspx], Date of access:01.04.2024
  • Vossensteyn, H. (2000). Sharing the cost of higher education in Europe and Australia-Who Pays?. Journal of Institutional Research, 9(2), 54-66.
  • Wei, J & Wang, R. (2009) Student loans reform in China: Problems and challenges, Higher Education in Europe, 34:2, 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720902867583
  • Woodhall, M. (2007). Funding higher education: The contribution of economic thinking to debate and policy development.
  • Woodhall, M., & Richards, K. (2008). "Student and unıversıty fundıng ın devolved governments ın The UK". P. N. Teixeira, B. D. Johnstone, M. J. Rosa, & H. Vossensteyn (Eds.) in, Higher Education Dynamics; Cost-Sharing andAccessibility in Higher Education: A Fairer Deal?[E-Book] (Cilt 14, s. 189-212). The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4020-4660-5.
  • Xia, Z., Yue, X., Niu, F., & Hu, Z. (2022). Prediction of higher education cost and analysis of sharing ability based on artificial neural network. Security and Communication Networks, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7649918
  • Yakut-Özek, B., & Akbaşlı, S. (2021). Yükseköğretim kurumlarının finansmanı: Dünyadaki uygulamalar ile karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(2), 1051-1080. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.837943
  • YÖK (Yükseköğretim Kurulu) (2024). Yükseköğretim Kurulu/İstatistik. [Online: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/.], Date of access: 10.04.2024.
  • Zatonatska, T. H., Rozhko, O. D., Lyutyy, I. O., Tkachenko, N. V., & Anisimova, O. Y. (2019). Global practices of higher education financing: Approaches and models. https://doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.4.95
  • Ziderman, A., & Albrecht, D. (2013). Financing universities in developing countries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315043111
  • Ziderman, A., & Albrecht, D. (1995). Financing Universities in Developing Countries. Washington D.C: The Falmer Press 2547 Sayılı YÖK Kanunu. (1981). T.C. Resmi Gazete. 17506 . 06 Kasım 1981
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Reşit Çetinkaya 0000-0001-9997-7986

Ertuğrul Çavdar 0000-0002-1522-8775

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetinkaya, R., & Çavdar, E. (2024). A Comparative Perspective on Fee Policies Used in OECD Countries for Financing Higher Education. Journal of Social Sciences And Education, 7(1), 201-233. https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1484858