Research Article

Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea

Volume: 2026 Number: 2 November 1, 2026

Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea

Abstract

The study reports the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of sulfated chitosan (SCh) obtained from chitosan isolated from non-commercial Artemia parthenogenetica cysts of the Aral Sea using a sulfuric acid-mediated sulfation method. The obtained SCh was a dark-brown powder containing 9.21% sulfur and exhibiting a degree of substitution of 22.0%. Elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of sulfate groups into the chitosan structure. Characteristic sulfate-related absorption bands were observed at 1032 and 1385 cm⁻¹, corresponding to O–S–O and sulfate-group stretching vibrations, respectively. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that the obtained SCh consisted predominantly of low-molecular-weight fractions of approximately 1.0 and 3.0 kDa, indicating partial degradation of the chitosan chains under the acidic conditions of the sulfation process. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of producing low-molecular-weight SCh from non-commercial Artemia parthenogenetica cysts of the Aral Sea.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Karakalpakstan Institute of Natural Sciences, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan.

Project Number

N/A

Ethical Statement

This study did not involve human participants or experimental animals. All experiments were carried out following institutional safety regulations and responsible research practices.

Thanks

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Professor A.S. Boymurzaev for his valuable assistance in determining the molecular weight of sulfated chitosan (SCH) by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Organic Chemical Synthesis

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

November 1, 2026

Submission Date

August 20, 2026

Acceptance Date

October 7, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 2

APA
Karlibaeva, B., Rakhmanova, V., Erniyazova, I., & Berdimbetova, G. (2026). Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 2026(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.2022532
AMA
1.Karlibaeva B, Rakhmanova V, Erniyazova I, Berdimbetova G. Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea. JOTCSA. 2026;2026(2):1-6. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.2022532
Chicago
Karlibaeva, Baxtigul, Vazira Rakhmanova, Inkar Erniyazova, and Gulsara Berdimbetova. 2026. “Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan Using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia Parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 (2): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.2022532.
EndNote
Karlibaeva B, Rakhmanova V, Erniyazova I, Berdimbetova G (November 1, 2026) Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026 2 1–6.
IEEE
[1]B. Karlibaeva, V. Rakhmanova, I. Erniyazova, and G. Berdimbetova, “Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea”, JOTCSA, vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–6, Nov. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.2022532.
ISNAD
Karlibaeva, Baxtigul - Rakhmanova, Vazira - Erniyazova, Inkar - Berdimbetova, Gulsara. “Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan Using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia Parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2026/2 (November 1, 2026): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.2022532.
JAMA
1.Karlibaeva B, Rakhmanova V, Erniyazova I, Berdimbetova G. Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea. JOTCSA. 2026;2026:1–6.
MLA
Karlibaeva, Baxtigul, et al. “Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan Using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia Parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea”. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 2026, no. 2, Nov. 2026, pp. 1-6, doi:10.18596/jotcsa.2022532.
Vancouver
1.Baxtigul Karlibaeva, Vazira Rakhmanova, Inkar Erniyazova, Gulsara Berdimbetova. Synthesis of Sulfate Chitosan using a Sulfuric-Acid Method Based on Chitosan Obtained from Non-Commercial Artemia parthenogenetica Cysts from the Aral Sea. JOTCSA. 2026 Nov. 1;2026(2):1-6. doi:10.18596/jotcsa.2022532