L’affaire d’un chargé? Ghuzz <kwḏrkyn> ‘deputy (of any ruler or chieftain)’ ≠ Qarluq/Uyγur Kül Erkin ‘epithet of a supreme ruler’

Öz

The author strongly criticises the medieval explanation of Mahmud Kashgari’s interpretation of the Qarluq royal title Kül Erkin as ‘intelligence collected like a full pond’, calling it utter nonsense. He also argues against the claim that this Qarluq title is the same as the Ghuzz title recorded by Ibn Faḍlān. The equation of the two titles lacks evidence and reason, since was not a royal title but a title for a subject. He suggests that the title may have been derived from küḏär ‘to wait for, to look after, to take care of’ (< kǖd- ‘to wait for, to look after, to take care of’) combined with äg-gin or äg-in meaning’ who has bent, bowed’ or ‘one who bends’, possibly referring to a servant who looked after state affairs or carried the weight of state affairs. They discuss parallels from other cultures, including the Khazars, where titles reflected the holder’s role in society. The Khazars appear to have developed a triarchy before the collapse of their empire, with a separate office for the ‘king’ in Jewish sources, reflecting a deliberate attempt to parallel the history of Israel’s judges.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ghuzz
• Oγuz
• kül erkin
• küdärkin
• küdär-äg(g)in
• Khazar
• oceanic ruler
• yabγu

Güzarın Maslahatı? Ghuzz <kwḏrkyn> ‘Herhangi Bir Hükümdarın veya Reisin Vekili’ ≠ Qarluq/Uyγur Kül Erkin ‘Yüce Bir Hükümdarın Sıfatı’

Abstract

The author strongly criticises the medieval explanation of Mahmud Kashgari’s interpretation of the Qarluq royal title kül erkin as ‘intelligence collected like a full pond’, calling it utter nonsense. He also argues against the claim that this Qarluq title is the same as the Ghuzz title recorded by Ibn Faḍlān. The equation of the two titles lacks evidence and reason, since was not a royal title but a title for a subject. He suggests that the title may have been derived from küḏär ‘to wait for, to look after, to take care of’ (< kǖd- ‘to wait for, to look after, to take care of’) combined with äg-gin or äg-in meaning’ who has bent, bowed’ or ‘one who bends’, possibly referring to a servant who looked after state affairs or carried the weight of state affairs. They discuss parallels from other cultures, including the Khazars, where titles reflected the holder’s role in society. The Khazars appear to have developed a triarchy before the collapse of their empire, with a separate office for the ‘king’ in Jewish sources, reflecting a deliberate attempt to parallel the history of Israel’s judges.

Keywords

• Ghuzz
• Oγuz
• kül erkin
• küdärkin
• küdär-äg(g)in
• Khazar
• oceanic ruler
• yabγu

Kaynakça

1. Agajanov, S. G. (1969). Очерки истории огузов и туркмен Средней Азии IX-XIII вв. Ашгабад: Ылым.
2. Agajanov, S. G. (1998). The states of the Oghuz, the Kimek and the Kïpchak. In History of Civilizations of Central Asia IV/1 (The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, the Historical, Social and Economic Setting). (pp. 61-76). Paris: UNESCO.
3. Al-Qāḍī, Wadād. (1988). The Term “Khalīfa” in Early Exegetical Literature. Die Welt des Islams, New Series, 28(1/4), 392-411.
4. Angeli, F. (2007). Очерки истории гагаузов потомков огузов (середина VIII - начало XXI вв.). Кишинев: Tipogr. Centrala.
5. Banguoğlu, T. (1959). Kâşgari’den Notlar: II – Oğuzlar ve Oğuzeli Üzerine. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten, 7, 1-26.
6. Barthold, V. V. (1927). Orta Asya Türk Tari̇hi̇ Hakkında Dersler. İstanbul: Evkaf.
7. Barthold, W. (1897). Die historische Bedeutung der alttürkischen Inschriften. Appendix (paginated separately). In Radloff, W. Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, Neue. Folge. St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
8. Barthold, W. (1935). 12 Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Türken Mittelasiens. Die Welt des Islams, 17, 1-247+273-278.

9. Berezin, İ. N. (1858). Сборник летописей. История монголов. Сочинение Рашид-Эддина, [1:] Введение: O турецских и монгольских племенах. Перевод с персдидского с введением и примечаниями. Труды Восточного отделения русского археологического общества, V.
10. Berezin, İ. N. (1861). Сборник летописей. История монголов. Сочинение Рашид-Эддина, [2:] Введение: о турецких и монгольских племенах. Персидский текст с предисловием и примечаниями. Труды Восточного отделения русского археологического общества, VII.
11. Bernardini, M. (2013). The Mongol puppet lords and the Qarawnas. In Robert Hillenbrand, et al. (Eds.), Ferdowsi, the Mongols and the History of Iran: Art, Literature and Culture from Early Islam to Qajar Persia / Studies in Honor of Charles Melville (pp. 169-176). London-New York: Tauris.
12. Beševliev, V. (1980). Die protobulgarische Periode der bulgarischen Geschichte. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
13. Binbaş, E. (2005). Oghuz (Oġuz, Oğuz). In Encyclopaedia for the Middle Ages (A Supplement to Lexikon des Mittelalters–Online). Brepols.
14. Bosworth, C. E. (2011). The origins of the Seljuqs. In Christian, L. & Songül, M. (Eds.), The Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture (pp. 13-21). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Universty Press.
15. Bosworth, E. (2010). The steppe peoples in the Islamic world. In The New Cambridge History of Islam III (The Eastern Islamic World Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries) (pp. 21-77). Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press.
16. Canard, M. (1958). La relation du voyage d‘Ibn Fadlân chez les Bulgares de la Volga. Annales de l’Institut d’Études Orientales de la Faculté des Lettres d’Alger, 16: 41-146.
17. Clauson, Sir G. (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Coakley, J. (2012). An ambiguous office? The position of head of state in the Irish Constitution. Irish Jurist, 48, 43-70.
19. Collcutt, M. (1982). Kings of Japan? The Political Authority of the Ashikaga Shoguns. Monumenta Nipponica, 37(4), 523–529.
20. Cribb, J. (2018). Kujula Kadphises and his title Kushan Yavuga. Sino-Platonic Papers 280.
21. Curta, F. (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300). Leiden-Boston: Brill.
22. Dahhān 1959 = Al-Dahhān, Sāmī (Ed). Risālat Ibn Faḍlān. Damascus: al-Jāmi‘al-‘Ilmī al-‘Arabī.
23. Dankoff, R. & Kelly, J. (1982). Mahmut el-Kāşгarī: Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīvān Luγāt at-Türk) I. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
24. Dankoff, R. & Kelly, J. (1984). Mahmut el-Kāşгarī: Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīvān Luγāt at-Türk) II. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
25. Dankoff, R. & Kelly, J. (1985). Mahmut el-Kāşгarī: Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīvān Luγāt at-Türk) III. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
26. Dankoff, R. & Manaster-Ramer, A. (1982). Gerhard Doerfer and Semih Tezcan, Wörterbuch des Chaladsch. Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 74, 270‑280. (Review)
27. De Palma, D. (1991). L’interpretazione della sovranità giapponese da parte delle diplomazie occidentali nel xix secolo. Il Giappone, 31, 159-176.
28. Elias, N. (1895). The Tarikh-i-rashidi of Muhammad Haidar Dughlát: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. Tr. Ross, E. D. London: Sampson Low Marston.
29. Erdal, M. (1991). Old Turkic Word Formation, A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, Vol. I–II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
30. Erdmann, F. von. (1841). Vollstaendige Uebersicht der aeltesten tuerkischen, tatarischen und mogholischen Voelkerstaemme nach Raschid-ud-din’s Vorgange bearbeitet. Kazan: Kazan Universitäts-Typographie.
31. Evetts, J. (2013). Professionalism: Value and ideology. Current Sociology, 61(5-6), 778–796.
32. Gedi̇kli̇, Y. (2021). Kül (ti̇gi̇n), kür ~ kûr ~ kör ~ kûz ~ küç ve kök ~ *kûk unvan ni̇teleyi̇ci̇leri̇ üzeri̇ne. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 251, 395-410.
33. Gibbon, E. 1776 [1907]. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire I-V. New York: De Fau.
34. Golb, N. & Pritsak, O. (1982). Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
35. Golden, P. B. (1972). The migrations of the Oghuz. Archivum Ottomanicum, 4, 45-84.
36. Golden, P. B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
37. Grigor’yev, A. P. (1983). Золотоордынские xаны 60—70-х годов XIV в.: хронология правлений. Историография и источниковедение стран Азии и Африки, 7, 9-54.
38. Hirth, F. (1899). Nachworte zur Inschrift des Tonjukuk. An appendix (paginated separately). In W. Radloff. Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, Zweite Folge: die Inschrift des Tonjukuk. St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
39. Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine. 2(8).
40. Kang, E. Hae-Jin. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Houndmills & London: Macmillan.
41. Karataуev, O. (2019). The state-political titulatura of nomadic states of the Great Steppe: Historical and comparative analysis (IV-X centuries). Journal of History, 3(94), 4-13.
42. Kitagawa, T. & Makoto, O. (2015). Correspondence between Cambodia and Japan in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko, 73, 65-110.
43. Klaproth, J. (1820). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. Paris: Königliche Druckerey.
44. Kononov, A. N. (1958). Родословная туркмен. Сочинение Абу-л-Гази, хана хивинского. Москва-Ленинград: Изд. АН СССР.
45. Kotwicz, W. (1949). Contributions à l'histoire de l'Asie centrale. Rocznik Orientalisticzny, 15, 159–195.
46. Kovalevskiy, A. P. (1939). Путешествие Ибн-Фадлана на Волгу. Москва-Ленинград: Изд. АН СССР.
47. Kovalevskiy, A. P. (1956). Книга Ахмеда Ибн-Фадлана о его путешествии на Волгу в 921 922 гг. Харьков: Изд. Уни. им. Горького.
48. Kuleshov, V. (2016). Книга Ахмада ибн Фадлана. In Путешествие Ибн Фадлана: Волжский путь от Багдада до Булгара: Каталог выставки (pp. 15–43). Москва: Марджани.
49. Ligeti, L. (1986). Les Joutchen “sauvages”. Altorientalische Forschungen, 13, 110-122.
50. Lunde, P. & Stone, C. (2012). Ibn Fadlān and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North. London: Penguin.
51. Manaster-Ramer, A. (2021). Boris Parashkevov on professorial etymologies, especially those of кèстен ‘chestnut’ плòндер ‘bladder (the air-filled inside part of a ball)’. Bulgarica, 4, 167-172.
52. Manaster-Ramer, A. (2023). Mongolic küregen vis-à-vis Turkic küdägü ‘son-in-law, bridegroom’. (Up coming).
53. Manz, B. F. (1988). Tamerlane and the symbolism of sovereignty. Iranian Studies, 21, 105-122.
54. Miller, H. (1942). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, 6 (Documents 152-172: 1852-1855). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
55. Minorsky, V. V. (1937). Ḥudūd al-῾Ālam ‘The Regions of the World’ - A Persian Geography 37 A.H. − 982 A.D. Oxford: University Press for Gibb Memorial Trust.
56. Müller, F. W. K. (1920). Uigurische glossen. Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, 8, 310-324. Berlin: Oesterheld.
57. Nakai, K. W. (1988). Shogunal Politics: Arai Hakuseki and the Premises of Tokugawa Rule. Cambridge MA: Harvard University.
58. Ng, Wai-Ming (2000). Political terminology in the legitimation of the Tokugawa system: a study of “bakufu” and shōgun. Journal of Asian History, 34(2), 135-148.
59. Ng, Wai-Ming (2019). Imagining China in Tokugawa Japan: Legends, Classics, and Historical Terms. Albany NY: SUNY Press.
60. Ocak, A. Y. (2002). Selçukluların Dinî Siyaseti (1040-1092). İstanbul: Tarih Ve Tabiat Vakfı.
61. Ormos, I. (2017). The Early Magyars in the Jayhānī Tradition: Reflections on István Zimonyi’s Book “Muslim Sources on the Magyars”. Budapest.
62. Pelliot, P. & Hambis, L. (1951). Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan: Cheng-wou ts'in-tcheng lou I. Leiden: Brill.
63. Perry, M. C. (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan: Performed in the Years 1852, 1853, and 1854, Under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, by Order of the Government of the United States, II. Washington: Beverley Tucker.
64. Pritsak, O. (1948). Karachanidische Studien 1-4. Doctoral dissertation. Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen.
65. Pritsak, O. (1953). Der Untergang des Reiches des oġuzischen Yabġu. In 60. Doğum Yılı Münasebetiyle Fuad Köprülü Armağanı (pp. 397-410). İstanbul: Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi.
66. Pritsak, O. (1981). Die protobulgarische Aufschrift auf einer Bleiplombe aus Warna. In Scholia. Annemarie von Gabain zum 80. Geburtstag (pp. 118–122). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
67. Pulleyblank, E. G. (1966). Chinese and Indo-Europeans. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1(2), 9-39.
68. Radloff, W. (1891). Das Kudatku Bilik des Jusuf Chass-Hadschib aus Bälasagun, 1: Der Text in Transscription. St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
69. Rashid ad-Din (1952). Сборник летописей, т. I. кн. 1. Перевод с персидского Л.А. Хетагурова. Редакция и примечания А.А.Семенова. Москва -Ленинград: Изд. Академии наук СССР.
70. Schechter, S. (1912). An unknown Khazar document. Jewish Quarterly Review, 3(2), 181-219.
71. Seeck, O. & Veith, G. (1913). Die Schlacht am Frigidus. Klio, 13, 451-467.
72. Sims-Williams, Nicholas & Étienne De La Vaissiere. 2007/2020. JABḠUYA, i. Origin and early history. (Encyclopaedia Iranica Online)
73. Spinei, V. (1996). Ultimele valuri migratoare de la nordul Mării Negre şi al Dunării de Jos. Iaşi: Helios.
74. Sümer, F. (1972). Oğuzlar (Türkmenler) Tari̇hleri̇-Boy Teşki̇lâti-Destanları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
75. Taşağıl, A. (2015). Oğuzların Tarih Sahnesine Çıkışı Hakkında. In Gündüz, T. & Cengi̇z, M. (Eds.), Oğuzlar: Di̇lleri̇, Tari̇hleri̇ ve Kültürleri̇: 5. Uluslararasi Türki̇yat Araştirmalari Sempozyumu Bi̇ldi̇ri̇leri̇ (pp. 21-30). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Basımevi.
76. Tekin, T. (1990). On the etymology of Uighur adgan-/adkan-/atkan-. Central Asiatic Journal, 34, 300-308.
77. Tezcan, M. (2012). Yabgu Unvanı ve Kullanımı (Kuşanlardan İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri̇ne Kadar). Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 48, 305-342.
78. Togan, A. Z. V. (1939). Ibn Faḍlāns Reisebericht. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
79. Togan, A. Z. V. (1972). Oğuz Destanı: Reşideddin Oğuznâmesi, Tercüme ve Tahlili. İstanbul: Enderun.
80. Trifonov, Yu. (1923). Към въпроса за старобългарското болярство. Списание на БАН, 26(14), 1-70.
81. Trifonova, K. G. & Manaster-Ramer, A. (2019). Four myths for visitors to Bulgaria’s Black Sea Coast. In Rafailova, G. & Marinov, S. (Eds.), Tourism and Intercultural Communication and Innovations (pp. 198-213). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.
82. Turan, O. (1941). Çingiz Adı Hakkında. Belleten, 5(19), 267-276.
83. Turan, O. (1969). Türk Cihân Hâkimiyeti Mefkûresi Tarihi. İstanbul: Ötüken.
84. Validov, A. Z. (1924). Мешхедская рукопись Ибну-ль-Факиха. Известия Российской Академии Наук, VI, 18.1-11, 237–248.
85. Wakabayashi, B. T. (1991). In name only: imperial sovereignty in early modern Japan. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 17, 25-57.