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ÖTV ve Günah Vergileri Üzerine Mali Politikaların Etkileri ve Toplum Üzerindeki Sonuçları

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 74, 148 - 169, 26.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/mcd2025-1685839

Öz

Modern ekonomilerde vergi politikaları, devletlerin mali yapısının güçlendirilmesi, makroekonomik istikrarın sağlan: ması, gelir adaletinin korunması ve toplumsal refahın artırılması açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Türkiye’de 2024 yılı itibarıyla toplanan vergi gelirlerinin yaklaşık %85’i kamu hizmetlerinin finansmanında kullanılmakta olup, bu durum vergi politikalarının kamu bütçesi üzerindeki etkisini artırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Özel Tüketim Vergisi (ÖTV) ve günah vergileri hem devlet bütçesinin desteklenmesi hem de toplum sağlığının korunması amacıyla kullanılan stratejik mali araçlar arasında yer almaktadır. ÖTV esas olarak lüks tüketim mallarına yönelik uygulanırken, günah vergileri toplum sağlığına zarar veren ürünlerin, özellikle alkol ve tütün mamullerinin tüketimini azaltmayı hedeflemektedir. 2024 yılı verilerine göre, Türkiye’de alkol tüketiminde %5, tütün tüketiminde ise %10 oranında bir azalma gerçekleşmiştir. Bununla birlikte, dolaylı vergilendirmenin, doğası gereği, düşük gelirli kesimler üzerinde daha büyük bir mali yük oluşturduğu ve gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğini artırabileceği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ÖTV ve günah vergilerinin ekonomik büyüme, üretim, istihdam, tüketim kalıpları ve gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkileri kapsamlı şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, vergi politikalarının anayasal ilkeler doğrultusunda değerlendirilmesi ve daha adil, dengeli ve sürdürülebilir bir vergi yapısının tesis edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ammal, K. E. (2024). Sin tax strategies and sustainabLe health financing: A global scenario. South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, 625-630. https://doi.org/10.70135/SEEJPH.VI.1966 google scholar
  • Akça, K. (2015). Anayasa mahkemesi kararLarında müLkiyet hakkı. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 543-596. google scholar
  • Ardıç, O. P., Erus, B., & Soydan, G. (2010). An evaLuation of ındirect taxes in Turkey. Economics Bulletin. google scholar
  • Badii, J. (2024). Increasing excise duty on tobacco products: ImpLication for the economy and/or individuaLs. https://doi.org/10.31235/OSF.IO/8WR6P google scholar
  • Batı, M. (2023). Vergi reformları ve öneriler. Türkiye BaroLar Birliği Yayınları. google scholar
  • Batı, M. (2024). Vergi hukuku (Genel Hükümler) (4. Baskı). Seçkin Yayınları. google scholar
  • Batı, M. (2023, 20 Ocak). ÖTV'nin tarihsel seyri; ilk taşı atan ne kadar masum(du)! T24. https://t24.com.tr/yazarLar/murat-bati/otv-nin-tarihseL-seyri-iLk-tasi-atan-ne-kadar-masum-du,38317#googLe_vignette google scholar
  • Berezvai, Z., Vitrai, J., Toth, G., Brys, Z., Bakacs, M., & Joo, T. (2024). Long-term impact of unheaLthy food tax on consumption and the drivers behind: A LongitudinaL study in Hungary. Health Policy, 146, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2024.105098 google scholar
  • Beşer, B., & Aşkan, H. (2019). Türkiye’de sigara bağımlılığını azaLtmada sigara vergilerinin etkisi. Strategic Public Management Journal, 5(9), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.25069/SPMJ.505003 google scholar
  • CaLva Vega, Y. G., Erazo Yepez, M. G., Cahizares GaLarza, F. P., & Montece GiLer, S. A. (2023). EvaLuation of the knowLedge on the speciaL tax to the consumption in mototaxi’s operators of the canton St. Domingo, Ecuador. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologla - Serle de Conferenclas, 2. https://doi.org/10.56294/SCTCONF20231054 google scholar
  • Cetinkaya, V., & Marquez, P. V. (2017). Tobacco taxation in Turkey: An overview of policy measures and results. WorLd Bank Group. https:// doi.org/10.1596/26387 google scholar
  • Çiçek, U. (2023). Günah vergisi perspektifinden Türkiye’de ÖTV uygulamaları. E. B. Biçer & O. ŞanLı (Ed.), Sosyal, İnsan ve İdari Bilimlerde Güncel Yaklaşımlar 1 (ss. 1031-1048). Duvar Yayınları. https://www.researchgate.net/pubLication/377446770 google scholar
  • Demir, İ. C., & BaLkı, A. (2023). Is the excise tax perceived as an externaLity tax? An empiricaL study on Turkey. Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review), 23(2), 332-340. https://doi.org/10.21121/EAB.1165418 google scholar
  • Edmiston, K. D., & Bird, R. M. (2007). Taxing consumption in Jamaica. Public Finance Review, 35(1), 26-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106292498 google scholar
  • Eren, F. (1974). Mülkiyet hukuku (A. Recai Seçkin’e Armağan). AÜHF Yayınları. google scholar
  • Freebairn, J. (2010). SpeciaL taxation of aLcohoLic beverages to correct market faiLures*. Economic Papers, 29(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1759-3441.2010.00063.X google scholar
  • GİB. (t.y.). GSYH, genel bütçe vergi gelirleri ve vergi yükü. Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı. https://www.gib.gov.tr/sites/defauLt/files/fileadmin/ user_upload/VI/GBG/TabLo_2.xLs.htm google scholar
  • Gider VergiLeri Kanunu. (1956, 23 Temmuz). Resmî Gazete (Sayı:9362). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/9362.pdf google scholar
  • Jensen, A., Gadenne, L., & Bachas, P. (2020). Informality, consumption taxes and redistribution (IFS Working Paper W20/14). https://doi. org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2020.1420 google scholar
  • KieseL, K. (2024, 2 Ağustos). Soda taxes can’t reverse the obesity epidemic. Knowable Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1146/KNOWABLE-020824-2 google scholar
  • Kim, K. (2022). Using dynamic common correlated effects approach to analyze the role of sin taxes in short- and Long-term fiscal surplus across US states. Public Budgeting and Finance, 42(2), 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/PBAF.12313 google scholar
  • Lacaza, R. M., & Estrada, M. A. G. (2024). The effect of tax-based price increases on cigarette and fermented Liquor consumption: Evidence from tax reform Laws in the Philippines. World Medical and Health Policy 16(4), 547-557. https://doi.org/10.1002/WMH3.615 google scholar
  • Martinez-Vazquez, J., Moreno-Dodson The, B., Bank, W., VuLovic, V., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Moreno-Dodson, B. (2012). The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large PaneL of Countries. Social Science Research Network, 200(1), 95-130. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2188608 google scholar
  • MiracoLo, A., Sophiea, M., Mills, M., & Kanavos, P. (2021). Sin taxes and their effect on consumption, revenue generation and health improvement: a systematic Literature review in Latin America. Health Policy and Planning, 36(5), 790-810. https://doi.org/10.1093/ HEAPOL/CZAA168 google scholar
  • NasLia, F. A. P., & YuLianti, Y. (2024). Tax fairness and pubLic perception: A comparative Literature review. Advances in Taxation Research, 2(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.60079/ATR.V2I2.294 google scholar
  • Nesbit, T. M. (2018). Excise taxation and product quality substitution. SociaL Science Research Network. A. Hoffer ve T. Nesbit (Ed.), For Your Own Good: Taxes, Paternallsm, and Flscal Dlscrlmlnatlon İn the Twenty-Flrst Century (ss. 143-165). Mercatus Çenter at George Mason University. https://papers.ssrn.com/soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3171190 google scholar
  • OECD. (2024). Statlstlques des recettes publlques 2024: Les taxes sur les prodults nocı’fs pour la sante dans les pays de l'OCDE. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/fr/pubLications/statistiques-des-recettes-pubLiques-2024_2ea729a7-fr.htmL google scholar
  • Oğuzman, K., SeLiçi, Ö., & Oktay Özdemir, S. (2012). Eşya hukuku. Filiz Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Oktar, K. (2020). Özel tüketlm verglsl. Yeni e-konomi Yayını. google scholar
  • Önder, Z., & Yürekli, A. A. (2016). Who pays the most cigarette tax in Turkey. Tobacco Control, 25(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/TOBACCOCONTROL-2014-051639 google scholar
  • ÖzeL Tüketim Vergisi Kanunu. (2002, 12 Haziran). Resmî Gazete (Sayı:24783). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiLer/2002/06/20020612. htm#1 google scholar
  • Paraje, G. R., Jha, P., Savedoff, W., & Fuchs, A. (2023). Taxation of tobacco, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages: Reviewing the evidence and dispeLLing the myths. BMJ Global Health, 8(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJGH-2023-011866 google scholar
  • Rees-Jones, A., & Rozema, K. (2019). Prlce lsn’t everythlng: Behavloral response around changes ln sln taxes (NBER Working Paper 25958). https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3205688 google scholar
  • Sandalcı, U., & Sandalcı, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de günah vergileri kapsamında özel tüketim vergisi uygulaması ve etkinliği. Uluslararası Ekonomlk Araştırmalar Derglsl, 4(4), 1-14. google scholar
  • Sarjana, S. P., & Adrison, V. (2024). The impact of multi-tiered specific excise tax systemon the creation of new tobacco brands in Indonesia: PubLic heaLth implications. Journal of Tax Reform, 10(2), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.15826/JTR.2024.10.2.175 google scholar
  • Seidman, L. (2013). Overcoming the fiscal trilemma with two progressive consumption tax supplements. Public Finance Revlew, 41(6), 824-851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142113499396 google scholar
  • Snowdon, C. (2021). Of course sln taxes are regresslve. Institute of Economic Affairs Current Controversies 63. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3853609 google scholar
  • Srivastava, H. S., Singh, G., & Kaushik, A. K. (2024). SociaL norms and consumption tax evasion: Unpacking passive consumer participation. Internatlonal Journal of Soclology and Soclal Pollcy, 45(3/4) 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2024-0258 google scholar
  • T.C. Hazine ve MaLiye BakanLığı. (t.y.). Bütçe gerçekLeşmeLeri. www.hmb.gov.tr google scholar
  • Tuğrul, S. (2004). Kamu hukuku açısından mülkiyet hakkı ve sınırlandırılması. Kazancı Kitap. google scholar
  • Zhang, D. (2022). Consumption tax reform in accelerating the establishment of a new development paradigm. Chlna Flnance and Economlc Revlew, 11(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1515/CFER-2022-0013 google scholar

The Impacts of Fiscal Policies on Special Consumption Tax (ÖTV) and Sin Taxes, and Their Societal Consequences

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 74, 148 - 169, 26.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/mcd2025-1685839

Öz

In modern economies, tax policies are critically important for strengthening fiscal structures, ensuring macroeconomic stability, protecting income equality, and enhancing social welfare. As of 2024, approximately 85% of Turkey’s tax revenues are allocated to financing public services, highlighting the growing impact of tax policies on the national budget. Within this framework, Special Consumption Taxes (ÖTV) and sin taxes serve as strategic fiscal tools employed to both support the state budget and protect public health. ÖTV is primarily applied to luxury consumption goods, whereas sin taxes target products harmful to public health, particularly alcohol and tobacco. According to 2024 data, alcohol consumption in Turkey decreased by 5%, and tobacco consumption dropped by 10%. However, due to the inherent nature of indirect taxation, these taxes tend to impose a heavier financial burden on lowincome groups and may exacerbate income inequality. This study comprehensively analyzes the impacts of ÖTV and sin taxes on economic growth, production, employment, consumption patterns, and income distribution. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of evaluating tax policies within the framework of constitutional principles and underlines the importance of establishing a fairer, more balanced, and sustainable taxation system.

Kaynakça

  • Ammal, K. E. (2024). Sin tax strategies and sustainabLe health financing: A global scenario. South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, 625-630. https://doi.org/10.70135/SEEJPH.VI.1966 google scholar
  • Akça, K. (2015). Anayasa mahkemesi kararLarında müLkiyet hakkı. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 543-596. google scholar
  • Ardıç, O. P., Erus, B., & Soydan, G. (2010). An evaLuation of ındirect taxes in Turkey. Economics Bulletin. google scholar
  • Badii, J. (2024). Increasing excise duty on tobacco products: ImpLication for the economy and/or individuaLs. https://doi.org/10.31235/OSF.IO/8WR6P google scholar
  • Batı, M. (2023). Vergi reformları ve öneriler. Türkiye BaroLar Birliği Yayınları. google scholar
  • Batı, M. (2024). Vergi hukuku (Genel Hükümler) (4. Baskı). Seçkin Yayınları. google scholar
  • Batı, M. (2023, 20 Ocak). ÖTV'nin tarihsel seyri; ilk taşı atan ne kadar masum(du)! T24. https://t24.com.tr/yazarLar/murat-bati/otv-nin-tarihseL-seyri-iLk-tasi-atan-ne-kadar-masum-du,38317#googLe_vignette google scholar
  • Berezvai, Z., Vitrai, J., Toth, G., Brys, Z., Bakacs, M., & Joo, T. (2024). Long-term impact of unheaLthy food tax on consumption and the drivers behind: A LongitudinaL study in Hungary. Health Policy, 146, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2024.105098 google scholar
  • Beşer, B., & Aşkan, H. (2019). Türkiye’de sigara bağımlılığını azaLtmada sigara vergilerinin etkisi. Strategic Public Management Journal, 5(9), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.25069/SPMJ.505003 google scholar
  • CaLva Vega, Y. G., Erazo Yepez, M. G., Cahizares GaLarza, F. P., & Montece GiLer, S. A. (2023). EvaLuation of the knowLedge on the speciaL tax to the consumption in mototaxi’s operators of the canton St. Domingo, Ecuador. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologla - Serle de Conferenclas, 2. https://doi.org/10.56294/SCTCONF20231054 google scholar
  • Cetinkaya, V., & Marquez, P. V. (2017). Tobacco taxation in Turkey: An overview of policy measures and results. WorLd Bank Group. https:// doi.org/10.1596/26387 google scholar
  • Çiçek, U. (2023). Günah vergisi perspektifinden Türkiye’de ÖTV uygulamaları. E. B. Biçer & O. ŞanLı (Ed.), Sosyal, İnsan ve İdari Bilimlerde Güncel Yaklaşımlar 1 (ss. 1031-1048). Duvar Yayınları. https://www.researchgate.net/pubLication/377446770 google scholar
  • Demir, İ. C., & BaLkı, A. (2023). Is the excise tax perceived as an externaLity tax? An empiricaL study on Turkey. Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review), 23(2), 332-340. https://doi.org/10.21121/EAB.1165418 google scholar
  • Edmiston, K. D., & Bird, R. M. (2007). Taxing consumption in Jamaica. Public Finance Review, 35(1), 26-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142106292498 google scholar
  • Eren, F. (1974). Mülkiyet hukuku (A. Recai Seçkin’e Armağan). AÜHF Yayınları. google scholar
  • Freebairn, J. (2010). SpeciaL taxation of aLcohoLic beverages to correct market faiLures*. Economic Papers, 29(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1759-3441.2010.00063.X google scholar
  • GİB. (t.y.). GSYH, genel bütçe vergi gelirleri ve vergi yükü. Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı. https://www.gib.gov.tr/sites/defauLt/files/fileadmin/ user_upload/VI/GBG/TabLo_2.xLs.htm google scholar
  • Gider VergiLeri Kanunu. (1956, 23 Temmuz). Resmî Gazete (Sayı:9362). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/9362.pdf google scholar
  • Jensen, A., Gadenne, L., & Bachas, P. (2020). Informality, consumption taxes and redistribution (IFS Working Paper W20/14). https://doi. org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2020.1420 google scholar
  • KieseL, K. (2024, 2 Ağustos). Soda taxes can’t reverse the obesity epidemic. Knowable Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1146/KNOWABLE-020824-2 google scholar
  • Kim, K. (2022). Using dynamic common correlated effects approach to analyze the role of sin taxes in short- and Long-term fiscal surplus across US states. Public Budgeting and Finance, 42(2), 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/PBAF.12313 google scholar
  • Lacaza, R. M., & Estrada, M. A. G. (2024). The effect of tax-based price increases on cigarette and fermented Liquor consumption: Evidence from tax reform Laws in the Philippines. World Medical and Health Policy 16(4), 547-557. https://doi.org/10.1002/WMH3.615 google scholar
  • Martinez-Vazquez, J., Moreno-Dodson The, B., Bank, W., VuLovic, V., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Moreno-Dodson, B. (2012). The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large PaneL of Countries. Social Science Research Network, 200(1), 95-130. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2188608 google scholar
  • MiracoLo, A., Sophiea, M., Mills, M., & Kanavos, P. (2021). Sin taxes and their effect on consumption, revenue generation and health improvement: a systematic Literature review in Latin America. Health Policy and Planning, 36(5), 790-810. https://doi.org/10.1093/ HEAPOL/CZAA168 google scholar
  • NasLia, F. A. P., & YuLianti, Y. (2024). Tax fairness and pubLic perception: A comparative Literature review. Advances in Taxation Research, 2(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.60079/ATR.V2I2.294 google scholar
  • Nesbit, T. M. (2018). Excise taxation and product quality substitution. SociaL Science Research Network. A. Hoffer ve T. Nesbit (Ed.), For Your Own Good: Taxes, Paternallsm, and Flscal Dlscrlmlnatlon İn the Twenty-Flrst Century (ss. 143-165). Mercatus Çenter at George Mason University. https://papers.ssrn.com/soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3171190 google scholar
  • OECD. (2024). Statlstlques des recettes publlques 2024: Les taxes sur les prodults nocı’fs pour la sante dans les pays de l'OCDE. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/fr/pubLications/statistiques-des-recettes-pubLiques-2024_2ea729a7-fr.htmL google scholar
  • Oğuzman, K., SeLiçi, Ö., & Oktay Özdemir, S. (2012). Eşya hukuku. Filiz Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Oktar, K. (2020). Özel tüketlm verglsl. Yeni e-konomi Yayını. google scholar
  • Önder, Z., & Yürekli, A. A. (2016). Who pays the most cigarette tax in Turkey. Tobacco Control, 25(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/TOBACCOCONTROL-2014-051639 google scholar
  • ÖzeL Tüketim Vergisi Kanunu. (2002, 12 Haziran). Resmî Gazete (Sayı:24783). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiLer/2002/06/20020612. htm#1 google scholar
  • Paraje, G. R., Jha, P., Savedoff, W., & Fuchs, A. (2023). Taxation of tobacco, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages: Reviewing the evidence and dispeLLing the myths. BMJ Global Health, 8(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJGH-2023-011866 google scholar
  • Rees-Jones, A., & Rozema, K. (2019). Prlce lsn’t everythlng: Behavloral response around changes ln sln taxes (NBER Working Paper 25958). https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3205688 google scholar
  • Sandalcı, U., & Sandalcı, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de günah vergileri kapsamında özel tüketim vergisi uygulaması ve etkinliği. Uluslararası Ekonomlk Araştırmalar Derglsl, 4(4), 1-14. google scholar
  • Sarjana, S. P., & Adrison, V. (2024). The impact of multi-tiered specific excise tax systemon the creation of new tobacco brands in Indonesia: PubLic heaLth implications. Journal of Tax Reform, 10(2), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.15826/JTR.2024.10.2.175 google scholar
  • Seidman, L. (2013). Overcoming the fiscal trilemma with two progressive consumption tax supplements. Public Finance Revlew, 41(6), 824-851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142113499396 google scholar
  • Snowdon, C. (2021). Of course sln taxes are regresslve. Institute of Economic Affairs Current Controversies 63. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3853609 google scholar
  • Srivastava, H. S., Singh, G., & Kaushik, A. K. (2024). SociaL norms and consumption tax evasion: Unpacking passive consumer participation. Internatlonal Journal of Soclology and Soclal Pollcy, 45(3/4) 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2024-0258 google scholar
  • T.C. Hazine ve MaLiye BakanLığı. (t.y.). Bütçe gerçekLeşmeLeri. www.hmb.gov.tr google scholar
  • Tuğrul, S. (2004). Kamu hukuku açısından mülkiyet hakkı ve sınırlandırılması. Kazancı Kitap. google scholar
  • Zhang, D. (2022). Consumption tax reform in accelerating the establishment of a new development paradigm. Chlna Flnance and Economlc Revlew, 11(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1515/CFER-2022-0013 google scholar
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Maliye Politikası, Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Murat Batı 0000-0003-3615-6851

Turgay Bozoğlu 0009-0002-1013-4099

Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Kasım 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 74

Kaynak Göster

APA Batı, M., & Bozoğlu, T. (2025). ÖTV ve Günah Vergileri Üzerine Mali Politikaların Etkileri ve Toplum Üzerindeki Sonuçları. Maliye Çalışmaları Dergisi(74), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.26650/mcd2025-1685839