Fiscal Policies in Times of the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of G-7 Countries and Turkey
Yıl 2020,
Sayı: 64, 1 - 14, 22.01.2021
Çiğdem Börke Tunalı
,
Tolga Saruç
Öz
Covid-19 pandemic has affected millions of people around the world and it has created devastating impact on economies both in developed and developing countries. Most of the countries in the world have implemented various fiscal measures in order to alleviate the negative economic effects of this pandemic since its beginning. These measures have resulted in a mild economic recovery during the summer months. However, as the weather becomes colder the number of cases and deaths have started to increase again (Worldometer, 2020). Since there is still not a definitive cure or a vaccine which prevents the Covid-19 pandemic it is not easy to predict when the pandemic will be over. As long as the Covid-19 pandemic continues most of the countries will probably experience economic contraction and fiscal policy will be a key tool in order to ease the negative effects of the pandemic on economies. This paper analyses fiscal policies implemented until now in G-7 countries and Turkey in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Kaynakça
- Anderson, J., Bergamini, E., Brekelmans, S., Cameron, A., Darvas, Z., Jimenez, M. D., Lenaerts, K., Midoes, C. (2020). “The Fiscal Response to the Economic Fallout from the Coronavirus”, Bruegel Datasets, Retrieved from https://www.bruegel.org/publications/datasets/covid-national-dataset/#uk.
- Benassy-Quere, A., Marimon, R., Pisani-Ferry, J., Reichlin, L., Schoenmaker, D., Di Mauro, B. W. (2020). “COVID-19: Europe Needs a Catastrophe Relief Plan”, Retrieved from https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19- europe-needs-catastrophe-relief-plan.
- Benmelech, E., Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). “The Determinants of Fiscal and Monetary Policies during the Covid-19 Crisis”, NBER Working Paper, Working Paper No: 27461, Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/ working_papers/w27461/w27461.pdf.
- Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., Bhuiyan, S. J. (2020). “A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19”, IZA Institute of Labour Economics Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No: 13411, Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/ dp13411.pdf.
- Collier, R., Pirlot, A., Vella, J. (2020). “Tax Policy and the COVID-19 Crisis”, University of Oxford Said Business School Centre for Business Taxation Working Paper, Working Paper No: 20/01, Retrieved from https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3646035.
- Congressional Budget Office (2020). The Budgetary Effects of Laws Enacted in Response to the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic, March and April 2020, Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020-06/56403-CBOcovid-legislation.pdf.
- Goodman, M. P., Gerstel, D. (2020). “Comparing US, Japanese and German Fiscal Responses to Covid-19”, Centre for Strategic & International Studies, Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/comparing-us-japaneseand-german-fiscal-responses-covid-19.
- Gopinath, G. (2020). “The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn since the Great Depression”, IMF Blog, Retrieved from https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-thegreat-depression/.
- IMF (2020a). World Economic Outlook October 2020: A Long and Difficult Ascent, Retrieved from https://www. imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020.
- IMF (2020b). Fiscal Monitor Policies for the Recovery, October 2020, Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/ Publications/FM/Issues/2020/09/30/october-2020-fiscal-monitor#Full%20Report%20and%20Executive%20 Summary.
- IMF (2020c). Policy Tracker, Policy Responses to Covid-19, Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imfand-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#U.
- Kouame, T., Rab, H. (2020). “Turkey’s Economic Recovery from COVID-19: Preparing for the Long Haul”, Brookings Future Development, Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/futuredevelopment/2020/11/17/turkeys-economic-recovery-from-covid-19-preparing-for-the-long-haul/.
- Maher, C. S., Hindery, A., Hoang, T. (2020). “Fiscal Responses to COVID-19: Evidence from Local Governments and Nonprofits”, Public Administration Review, 80(4), 644-650.
- OECD (2020a). “Coronavirus (Covid-19): Living with Uncertainty”, OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report, Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/issue1_34ffc900-en#page1.
- OECD (2020b). “Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience”, OECD Policy Reponses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary. org/view/?ref=128_128575-o6raktc0aa&title=Tax-and-Fiscal-Policy-in-Response-to-the-Coronavirus-Crisis.
- The Government of Canada (2020). “Canada’s COVID-19 Economic Response Plan”, Retrieved from https://www. canada.ca/en/department-finance/economic-response-plan.html#Canada_Recovery_Benefit.
- The Department of Finance Canada (2020a). The Fiscal Monitor-Financial Results for August 2020, Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/fin/publications/fm-rf/2020/08/2020-08-eng.pdf.
- The Department of Finance Canada (2020b). Government of Canada Releases Supporting Canadians and Fighting COVID-19: Fall Economic Statement 2020, Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/ news/2020/11/government-of-canada-releases-supporting-canadians-and-fighting-covid-19-fall-economicstatement-2020.html.
- The World Bank (2020). Turkey Economic Monitor, August 2020: Adjusting the Sails, Retrieved from https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34318/Turkey-Economic-Monitor-Adjusting-theSails.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y
- Weill, J. A., Stigler, M., Deschenes, O., Springborn, M. R. (2020). “Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19 Emergency Declarations Strongly Differentiated by Income”, Brief Report, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(33), 19658-19660.
- Worldometer (2020). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic, Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/ coronavirus/.
Kovid-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Maliye Politikaları: G-7 Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Örneği
Yıl 2020,
Sayı: 64, 1 - 14, 22.01.2021
Çiğdem Börke Tunalı
,
Tolga Saruç
Öz
The Covid-19 pandemic has affected millions of people around the world and it has had a devastating impact on economies both in developed and developing countries. Most of the countries in the world have implemented various fiscal measures in order to alleviate the negative economic effects of this pandemic since its beginning. These measures resulted in a mild economic recovery during the summer months. However, as the weather becomes colder the number of cases and deaths have started to increase again (Worldometer, 2020). Since there is still not a definitive cure or a vaccine which prevents the Covid-19 pandemic it is not easy to predict when the pandemic will be over. As long as the Covid-19 pandemic continues most countries will probably experience economic contraction and fiscal policy will be a key tool in order to ease the negative effects of the pandemic on economies. This paper analyses fiscal policies implemented up to now in G-7 countries and Turkey in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Kaynakça
- Anderson, J., Bergamini, E., Brekelmans, S., Cameron, A., Darvas, Z., Jimenez, M. D., Lenaerts, K., Midoes, C. (2020). “The Fiscal Response to the Economic Fallout from the Coronavirus”, Bruegel Datasets, Retrieved from https://www.bruegel.org/publications/datasets/covid-national-dataset/#uk.
- Benassy-Quere, A., Marimon, R., Pisani-Ferry, J., Reichlin, L., Schoenmaker, D., Di Mauro, B. W. (2020). “COVID-19: Europe Needs a Catastrophe Relief Plan”, Retrieved from https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19- europe-needs-catastrophe-relief-plan.
- Benmelech, E., Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). “The Determinants of Fiscal and Monetary Policies during the Covid-19 Crisis”, NBER Working Paper, Working Paper No: 27461, Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/ working_papers/w27461/w27461.pdf.
- Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., Bhuiyan, S. J. (2020). “A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19”, IZA Institute of Labour Economics Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No: 13411, Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/ dp13411.pdf.
- Collier, R., Pirlot, A., Vella, J. (2020). “Tax Policy and the COVID-19 Crisis”, University of Oxford Said Business School Centre for Business Taxation Working Paper, Working Paper No: 20/01, Retrieved from https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3646035.
- Congressional Budget Office (2020). The Budgetary Effects of Laws Enacted in Response to the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic, March and April 2020, Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2020-06/56403-CBOcovid-legislation.pdf.
- Goodman, M. P., Gerstel, D. (2020). “Comparing US, Japanese and German Fiscal Responses to Covid-19”, Centre for Strategic & International Studies, Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/analysis/comparing-us-japaneseand-german-fiscal-responses-covid-19.
- Gopinath, G. (2020). “The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn since the Great Depression”, IMF Blog, Retrieved from https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-thegreat-depression/.
- IMF (2020a). World Economic Outlook October 2020: A Long and Difficult Ascent, Retrieved from https://www. imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020.
- IMF (2020b). Fiscal Monitor Policies for the Recovery, October 2020, Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/ Publications/FM/Issues/2020/09/30/october-2020-fiscal-monitor#Full%20Report%20and%20Executive%20 Summary.
- IMF (2020c). Policy Tracker, Policy Responses to Covid-19, Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imfand-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#U.
- Kouame, T., Rab, H. (2020). “Turkey’s Economic Recovery from COVID-19: Preparing for the Long Haul”, Brookings Future Development, Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/futuredevelopment/2020/11/17/turkeys-economic-recovery-from-covid-19-preparing-for-the-long-haul/.
- Maher, C. S., Hindery, A., Hoang, T. (2020). “Fiscal Responses to COVID-19: Evidence from Local Governments and Nonprofits”, Public Administration Review, 80(4), 644-650.
- OECD (2020a). “Coronavirus (Covid-19): Living with Uncertainty”, OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report, Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/issue1_34ffc900-en#page1.
- OECD (2020b). “Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience”, OECD Policy Reponses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary. org/view/?ref=128_128575-o6raktc0aa&title=Tax-and-Fiscal-Policy-in-Response-to-the-Coronavirus-Crisis.
- The Government of Canada (2020). “Canada’s COVID-19 Economic Response Plan”, Retrieved from https://www. canada.ca/en/department-finance/economic-response-plan.html#Canada_Recovery_Benefit.
- The Department of Finance Canada (2020a). The Fiscal Monitor-Financial Results for August 2020, Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/fin/publications/fm-rf/2020/08/2020-08-eng.pdf.
- The Department of Finance Canada (2020b). Government of Canada Releases Supporting Canadians and Fighting COVID-19: Fall Economic Statement 2020, Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/ news/2020/11/government-of-canada-releases-supporting-canadians-and-fighting-covid-19-fall-economicstatement-2020.html.
- The World Bank (2020). Turkey Economic Monitor, August 2020: Adjusting the Sails, Retrieved from https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34318/Turkey-Economic-Monitor-Adjusting-theSails.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y
- Weill, J. A., Stigler, M., Deschenes, O., Springborn, M. R. (2020). “Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19 Emergency Declarations Strongly Differentiated by Income”, Brief Report, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(33), 19658-19660.
- Worldometer (2020). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic, Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/ coronavirus/.