Inpatient treatment of conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence a€“ A retrospective analysis of case numbers and treatment duration

Abstract

Objective: Conduct disorders (CD) are among the most frequently diagnosed disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. However, to date, a thorough analysis of clinical case numbers and treatment duration in children and adolescents is missing. Method: Data provided by the German Federal Health Monitoring System were analyzed for the period from 2000-2007 with respect to case numbers, treatment duration and different subtypes of disorders related to the CD spectrum. Results: The number of inpatients (children / adolescents under the age of 19) with CD increased significantly between 2000 and 2007 from approximately 70/100.000 in 2000 to 110/100.000 in 2007. This development is contrasted by a general decrease in treatment duration during the same period. Conclusions: Data from the present investigation provide preliminary evidence that the inpatient case numbers of patients with CD have increased. However, an overall decline in treatment duration was observed. Future research is needed to further investigate the prevalence rate of CD.

Keywords

• Conduct disorder, case numbers, treatment duration

Kaynakça

1. 1. Remschmidt H, Schmidt M and Poustka F. Verhaltens- und emotionale Störungen mit Beginn in der Kindheit und Jugend. In: Multiaxiales Klassifikationsschema für psychische Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters Remschmidt H, Schmidt M and Poustka F (Eds.) (5th edition), Huber, Bern, (2006).
2. 2. Greene RW, Biederman J, Zerwas S, Monuteaux MC, Goring JC and Faraone SV. Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002, 159 (7): 1214-1224.
3. 3. Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R and Meltzer H. Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004, 45 (3): 609-621.
4. 4. Wolff JC and Ollendick TH. The comorbidity of conduct problems and depression in childhood and adolescence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2006, 9 (3-4): 201-220.
5. 5. Jensen PS, Martin D and Cantwell DP. Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997, 36 (8): 1065-1079.
6. 6. Hodgins S, Cree A, Alderton J and Mak T. From conduct disorder to severe mental illness: associations with aggressive behaviour, crime and victimization. Psychol Med. 2008, 38 (7): 975-987.
7. 7. Olsson M, Hansson K and Cederblad M. A long-term follow-up of conduct disorder adolescents into adulthood. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006, 60 (6): 469-479.
8. 8. Döpfner M, Schürmann S and Fröhlich J. Therapieprogramm für Kinder mit hyperkinetischen und oppositionellem Problemverhalten (THOP). (3rd edition), Psychologie Verlags Union, Weinheim, (1997).

9. 9. Delligatti N, Akin-Little A and Little SG. Conduct disorder in girls: Diagnostic and intervention issues. Psychology in the Schools. 2003, 40 (2): 183-192.
10. 10. Vloet TD, Herpertz-Dahlmann B and Herpertz S. [Predictors of antisocial behaviour. Peripheral psychophysiological findings in children and adults with conduct disorder]. Nervenarzt. 2006, 77 (7): 782-790.
11. 11. Vloet TD, Herpertz S and HerpertzDahlmann B. [Aetiology and life-course of conduct disorder in childhood: risk factors for the development of an antisocial personality disorder]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2006, 34 (2): 101-114.
12. 12. Kjelsberg E and Friestad C. Exploring gender issues in the development from conduct disorder in adolescence to criminal behaviour in adulthood. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2009, 32 (1): 18-22.
13. 13. Kohler D, Heinzen H, Hinrichs G and Huchzermeier C. The prevalence of mental disorders in a German sample of male incarcerated juvenile offenders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2009, 53 (2): 211-227.
14. 14. Blanz B. Störung des Sozialverhaltens und Jugenddelinquenz. In: Lehrbuch der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Esser G (Ed.) (3rd edition), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, (2008).
15. 15. Essau CA and Conradt J. Epidemiologie. In: Aggression bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Essau CA and Conradt J (Eds.) Reinhardt Verlag, Munich, (2004).
16. 16. Fröhlich-Gildhoff K. Spezifische Formen von Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In: Module angewandter Psychologie Hartung J and Fröhlich-Gildhoff K (Eds.) (1st edition), Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart, (2007).
17. 17. Merikangas KR, He JP, Brody D, Fisher PW, Bourdon K and Koretz DS. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001-2004 NHANES. Pediatrics. 2009, 125 (1): 75-81.
18. 18. Koegl CJ, Farrington DP, Augimeri LK and Day DM. Evaluation of a targeted cognitivebehavioral program for children with conduct problems--the SNAP Under 12 Outreach Project: service intensity, age and gender effects on short- and long-term outcomes. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008, 13 (3): 419-434.
19. 19. Cathcart Shabat J, Lyons JS and Martinovich Z. Exploring the relationship between conduct disorder and residential treatment outcome. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2008, 17: 353-371.
20. 20. Keenan K, Loeber R and Green S. Conduct disorder in girls: a review of the literature. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 1999, 2 (1): 3- 19.
21. 21. Webster-Stratton C. Early-onset conduct problems: does gender make a difference? J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996, 64 (3): 540-551.
22. 22. Lehmkuhl G, Dopfner M, Pluck J, Berner W, Fegert JM, Huss M, Lenz K, Schmeck K, Lehmkuhl U and Poustka F. [Incidence of psychiatric symptoms and somatic complaints in 4- to 10-year-old children in Germany as judged by parents--a comparison of norm-oriented and criteria-oriented models]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 1998, 26 (2): 83-96.
23. 23. Figueroa R, Harman J and Engberg J. Use of claims data to examine the impact of length of inpatient psychiatric stay on readmission rate. Psychiatr Serv. 2004, 55 (5): 560-565.
24. 24. Wickizer TM, Lessler D and Boyd-Wickizer J. Effects of health care cost-containment programs on patterns of care and readmissions among children and adolescents. Am J Public Health. 1999, 89 (9): 1353-1358.
25. 25. Case BG, Olfson M, Marcus SC and Siegel C. Trends in the inpatient mental health treatment of children and adolescents in US community hospitals between 1990 and 2000. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007, 64 (1): 89- 96