Celiac disease in children

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 1 - 32, 05.11.2011

Odul Egritas , Buket Dalgic

Öz

In this review; the definition of celiac disease, etiopathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic characteristics are viewed especially for childhood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Celiac disease, children

Kaynakça

• Roy CC, Silverman A, Alagille D. Pediatric Clinical Gastroenterology. 4th Ed. Mosby- Year Book. Inc, Missouri: 721-733, 1995.
• Ciclitira PJ. AGA technical review on Celiac Sprue. Association. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120 (6) :1526 - 40. Gastroenterological
• Walker-Smith JA. Celiac Disease. In Walker PA, Durie PR, Hamilton JR, Walker-Smith JA, Watkins JB. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. 3rd Ed. Mosby-Year Book. St Louis 2000.
• Walker-Smith JA. Management of infantile Arch gastroenteritis. ;65(9):917-8. Dis Child. 1990
• Steffen Husby. New ESPGHAN Criteria: the Changing Face of Coeliac Disease. 43rd Annual Meeting of The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 2010.
• Dewar D, Pereira SP, Ciclitira PJ. The pathogenesis of coeliac disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 ;36(1):17-24.
• Murray JA. The widening spectrum of celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 ;69(3):354-65.
• Mäki M, Mustalahti K, Kokkonen J, Kulmala P, Haapalahti M, Karttunen T, Ilonen J, Laurila K, Dahlbom I, Hansson T, Höpfl P, Knip M. Prevalence of Celiac disease among children in Finland. N Engl J Med. 2003 ;19;348(25):2517-24.
• Rutz R, Ritzler E, Fierz W, Herzog D. Prevalence of asymptomatic celiac disease in adolescents of eastern Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002 ;26;132(3-4):43-7.
• Catassi C, Fabiani E, Rätsch IM, Coppa GV, Giorgi PL, Pierdomenico R, Alessandrini S, Iwanejko G, Domenici R, Mei E, Miano A, Marani M, Bottaro G, Spina M, Dotti M, Montanelli A, Barbato M, Viola F, Lazzari R, Vallini M, Guariso G, Plebani M, Cataldo F, Traverso G, Ventura A, et al. The coeliac iceberg in Italy. A multicentre antigliadin antibodies screening for coeliac disease in school-age subjects. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;412:29-35.
• Not T, Horvath K, Hill ID, Partanen J, Hammed A, Magazzu G, Fasano A. Celiac disease risk in the USA: high prevalence of antiendomysium antibodies in healthy blood donors. ;33(5):494-8. 1998
• Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB, Drago S, Elitsur Y, Green PH, Guandalini S, Hill ID, Pietzak M, Ventura A, Thorpe Wasserman SS, Murray JA, Horvath K. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not- at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 10;163(3):286-92. D, Fornaroli F, J Clin
• Gastroenterol. 2005
• Demirçeken FG, Kansu A, Kuloğlu Z, Girgin N, Güriz H, Ensari A. Human tissue transglutaminase immunochromatographic line immunoassay for early diagnosis of celiac disease in Turkish children. screening by Turk J
• Gastroenterol. 2008
• B. Dalgic, S. Sari, B. Basturk, A. Ensari, O. Egritas, A. Bukulmez, Z. Baris. Prevalence of celiac disease in Turkish school children. 43rd Annual Meeting of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 2010.
• Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A, Lammers K, Fasano permeability, disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1165:195-205. intestinal celiac
• Fasano A. Pathological and therapeutic implications through the tight junction. In Tight Junctions; pp. 697–722. CRC Press, Inc.; Boca Raton, FL: 2001. passage
• Mowat AM. Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003;3:331–341.
• Fasano A. Intestinal zonulin: open sesame Gut. 2001;49:159–162.
• Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen TS, Kett K, et al. Immunobiology and immunopathology of human gut mucosa: humoral immunity and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gastroenterol. 1989;97:1562–1584.
• Brandtzaeg P. Overview of the mucosal immune system. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1989;146:13–25.
• Rostami K, Kerckhaert J, Tiemessen R, von Blomberg BM, Meijer JW, Mulder CJ. Sensitivity of antiendomysium and antigliadin antibodies disappointing in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(4):888-94. disease:
• Koning F, Schuppan D, Cerf-Bensussan N, Sollid LM. Pathomechanisms in celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;19(3):373-87.
• Benahmed M, Meresse B, Arnulf B, Barbe U, Mention JJ, Verkarre V, Allez M, Cellier C, Hermine O, Cerf-Bensussan N. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling by IL-15: a new role for IL-15 in the loss of immune homeostasis in celiac 2007;132(3):994-1008. Gastroenterology.
• Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut. 2010;59(4):547-57.
• Malamut G, Afchain P, Verkarre V, Lecomte T, Amiot A, Damotte D, Bouhnik Y, Colombel JF, Delchier JC, Allez M, Cosnes J, Lavergne-Slove A, Meresse B, Trinquart L, Macintyre E, Radford-Weiss I, Hermine O, Brousse N, Cerf-Bensussan N, Cellier C. Presentation and long-term follow-up of refractory celiac disease: comparison of type I with ;136(1):81-90. 2009
• Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly DG, Lahr BD, Dogan A, Wu TT, Murray JA. Clinical staging and survival in refractory celiac disease: a single center 2009;136(1):99-107; quiz 352-3. Gastroenterology.
• López-Vázquez A, Fuentes D, Rodrigo L, González S, Moreno M, Fernández E, Martínez-Borra J, López-Larrea C. MHC class I region plays a role in the development of diverse clinical forms of celiac disease in a Saharawi population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(4):662-7.
• Fasano A. Clinical presentation of celiac disease Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 Suppl 1):S68- 73. population.
• Farrell RJ. Infant gluten and celiac disease: too early, too late, too much, too many questions. JAMA. 2005 18;293(19):2410-2.
• Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N, Maseri A, Gasbarrini G. Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation. 2002 4;105(22):2611-8.
• Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M, Donner P, Volta Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat Med. 1997 ;3(7):797-801. EO, Schuppan D.
• De Bem RS, Da Ro Sa Utiyama SR, Nisihara RM, Fortunato JA, Tondo JA, Carmes ER, Souza RA, Pisani JC, Amarante HM. Celiac disease prevalence in Brazilian dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2006; 51(5):1016-9.
• Sategna-Guidetti C, Franco E, Martini S, Bobbio M. Binding by serum IgA antibodies from patients with coeliac disease to monkey heart 2004;39(6):540-3. J Gastroenterol.
• Prati D, Bardella MT, Peracchi M, Porretti L, Cardillo M, Pagliari C, Tarantino C, Della TE, Scalamogna M, Bianchi PA, Sirchia G, Conte D; Working Group (NITp). High frequency of anti-endomysial reactivity in candidates to heart 2002;34(1):39-43. Programme transplant. Dig Liver Dis.
• Curione M. Dilated cardiomyopathy and celiac disease. Ital Heart J. 2002;3(6):384-5.
• Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Frustaci A. Celiac disease in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Ital Heart J. 2001;2(9):658-9.
• Curione M, Danese C, Viola F, Di Bona S, Anastasia A, Cugini P, Barbato M. Carnitine deficiency in patients with coeliac disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2005;15(4):279-83. Nutr
• DeMeo MT, Mutlu EA, Keshavarzian A, Intestinal Tobin gastrointestinal disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34(4):385-96. permeation and
• Prati D, Bardella MT, Peracchi M, Porretti L, Scalamogna M, Conte D. Antiendomysial antibodies in patients with end-stage heart failure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(1):218- 9.
• Not T, Faleschini E, Tommasini A, Repetto A, Pasotti M, Baldas V, Spano A, Sblattero D, Marzari R, Campana C, Gavazzi A, Tavazzi L, Biagi F, Roberto Corazza G, Ventura A, Arbustini E. Celiac disease in patients with sporadic and inherited cardiomyopathies and in 2003;24(15):1455-61. Eur Heart J.
• Hill ID. Celiac disease-a never-ending story? J Pediatr. 2003;143(3):289-91.
• Madara JL, Trier JS. Structural abnormalities of jejunal epithelial cell membranes in celiac sprue. Lab Invest. 1980 ;43(3):254-61.
• American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: Celiac Sprue. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(6):1522-5.
• Ackerman Z, Eliakim R, Stalnikowicz R, Rachmilewitz D. Role of small bowel biopsy in the endoscopic evaluation of adults with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(10):2099-102.
• Ransford RA, Hayes M, Palmer M, Hall MJ. A controlled, prospective screening study of celiac disease presenting as iron deficiency anemia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35(3):228- 33.
• Howard MR, Turnbull AJ, Morley P, Hollier P, Webb R, Clarke A. A prospective study of the prevalence of undiagnosed coeliac disease in laboratory defined iron and folate deficiency. J Clin Pathol. 2002 ;55(10):754-7.
• Corazza GR, Valentini RA, Andreani ML, D'Anchino M, Leva MT, Ginaldi L, De Feudis L, Quaglino D, Gasbarrini G. Subclinical coeliac disease is a frequent cause of iron- deficiency anaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30(2):153-6.
• Uçardağ D, Güliter S, Ceneli O, Yakaryilmaz F, Atasoy P, Cağlayan O. Celiac disease prevalence in patients with iron deficiency anemia Gastroenterol. 2009;20(4):266-70. origin. Turk J
• Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Celiac sprue. N Engl J Med. 2002 ;17;346(3):180-8.
• Dahele A, Ghosh S. Vitamin B12 deficiency celiac in Gastroenterol. 2001 ;96(3):745-50. disease. Am J
• O'Grady JG, Stevens FM, Harding B, O'Gorman TA, McNicholl B, McCarthy CF. Hyposplenism enteropathy. Natural history, incidence, and relationship to diet and small bowel morphology. Gastroenterology. 1984 ;87(6) :1326-31. gluten-sensitive
• Bahloul M, Chaari A, Khlaf-Bouaziz N, Kallel H, Chaari L, Ben Hamida C, Chelly H, Rekik N, Bouaziz M. Celiac disease, cerebral venous thrombosis and protein S deficiency, a fortuitous association?. J Mal Vasc. 2005 ;30(4 Pt 1):228-30.
• Barton SH, Kelly DG, Murray JA. Nutritional deficiencies in celiac disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2007 ;36(1):93-108, vi.
• Hozyasz KK, Chelchowska M, Laskowska- Klita T. Vitamin E levels in patients with celiac disease. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2003 ;7(4 Pt 2):593-604. 57. Kleopa KA, Kyriacou Papanicolaou E, Kyriakides T. Reversible inflammatory and vacuolar myopathy with vitamin E deficiency in celiac disease. Muscle Nerve. 2005 ;31(2):260-5. K, Zamba
• Cavallaro R, Iovino P, Castiglione F, Palumbo A, Marino M, Di Bella S, Sabbatini F, Labanca F, Tortora R, Mazzacca G, Ciacci C. Prevalence and clinical associations of prolonged prothrombin time in adult untreated coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 ;16(2):219-23.
• Hallert C, Grant C, Grehn S, Grännö C, Hultén S, Midhagen G, Ström M, Svensson H, Valdimarsson T. Evidence of poor vitamin status in coeliac patients on a gluten-free diet for 10 years. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 ;16(7):1333-9.
• Rujner J, Socha J, Syczewska M, Wojtasik A, Kunachowicz H, Stolarczyk A. Magnesium status in children and adolescents with coeliac disease without malabsorption symptoms. Clin Nutr. 2004 ;23(5):1074-9.
• Doganci T, Bozkurt S. Celiac disease with various presentations. Pediatr Int. 2004
• Collin P, Syrjänen J, Partanen J, Pasternack A, Kaukinen K, Mustonen J. Celiac disease and HLA DQ in patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 ;97(10):2572-6.
• Helin H, Mustonen J, Reunala T, Pasternack A. IgA nephropathy associated with celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1983 ;107(6):324-7.
• Fornasieri A, Sinico RA, Maldifassi P, Bernasconi P, Vegni M, D'Amico G. IgA- antigliadin antibodies in IgA mesangial nephropathy (Berger's disease). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 ;11;295(6590):78-80.
• Woodrow G, Innes A, Boyd SM, Burden RP. A case of IgA nephropathy with coeliac disease responding to a gluten-free diet. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8(12):1382-3.
• Coppo R, Mazzucco G, Martina G, Roccatello D, Amore A, Novara R, Bargoni A, Piccoli G, Sena LM. Gluten-induced experimental IgA glomerulopathy. Lab Invest. 1989 ;60(4):499- 506.
• Coppo R, Basolo B, Rollino C, Roccatello D, Martina G, Amore A, Piccoli G. Dietary gluten and primary IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1986 ;30;315(18):1167-8.
• Mowat A, Weiner H. Oral tolerance: Physiological basis and clinical applications. In: Ogra P, Mestecky J, Lamm M, Strober W, Bienenstock J, McGhee J (eds). Handbook of Mucosal Immunology, 2nd edn. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, 1999: 587–618.
• Meddings JB, Jarand J, Urbanski SJ, Hardin J, Increased permeability is an early lesion in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(4 Pt 1):G951-7. gastrointestinal
• Gesualdo L, Lamm ME, Emancipator SN. Defective nephritogenesis nephropathy induced by oral immunization. J Immunol. 1990; 1;145(11):3684-91. promotes in experimental IgA
• Kovács T, Kun L, Schmelczer M, Wagner L, Davin hyperpermeability and the related food antigens play a role in the progression of IgA nephropathy? permeability. Am J Nephrol. 1996;16(6):500- 5. J. Do intestinal I. Study of intestinal
• Rostoker G, Delchier JC, Chaumette MT. Increased lymphocytes in primary glomerulonephritis: a role of oral tolerance breakdown in the pathophysiology glomerulonephritides? Transplant. 2001;16(3):513-7. T of human Nephrol Dial
• Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Olén O, Ekbom A, Ludvigsson J, Fored M. Coeliac disease and risk of renal disease-a general population cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(7):1809-15.
• Gama R, Schweitzer FA. Renal calculus: a unique presentation of coeliac disease. BJU Int. 1999 ;84(4):528-9.
• Collin P, Vilska S, Heinonen PK, Hällström O, Pikkarainen P. Infertility and coeliac disease. Gut. 1996;39(3):382-4.
• Ciacci C, De Rosa A, de Michele G, Savino G, Squillante A, Iovino P, Sabbatini F, Mazzacca G. Sexual behaviour in untreated and Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10(8):649-51. patients. Eur J
• Ludvigsson JF, Ludvigsson J. Coeliac disease in the father affects the newborn. Gut. 2001;49(2):169-75.
• Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001 ;96(2):146-9.
• Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Ekbom A. Celiac disease and risk of adverse fetal outcome: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129 (2): 454-63. 80. Cross AH, Golumbek PT. Neurologic manifestations of celiac disease: proven, or just 27;60(10):1566-8. Neurology. 2003
• Zelnik N, Pacht A, Obeid R, Lerner A. Range of neurologic disorders in patients with celiac disease. Pediatrics. 2004;113(6):1672-6.
• Chin RL, Latov N, Green PH, Brannagan TH 3rd, Alaedini A, Sander HW. Neurologic Complications of Celiac Disease. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2004;5(3):129-137.
• Hadjivassiliou M, Mäki M, Sanders DS, Williamson CA, Grünewald RA, Woodroofe NM, Korponay-Szabó IR. Autoantibody targeting transglutaminase in gluten ataxia. Neurology. 2006 ;14;66(3):373-7. and intestinal
• Pratesi R, Gandolfi L, Martins RC, Tauil PL, Nobrega YK, Teixeira WA. Is the prevalence of celiac disease increased among epileptic patients? ;61(2B):330-4. 2003
• Dalgiç B, Dursun I, Serdaroğlu A, Dursun A. Latent and potential celiac disease in epileptic Turkish children. J Child Neurol. 2006 ;21(1):6-7.
• Gobbi G, Bouquet F, Greco L, Lambertini A, Tassinari CA, Ventura A, Zaniboni MG. Coeliac disease, epilepsy, and cerebral calcifications. The Italian Working Group on Coeliac Disease and Epilepsy. Lancet. 1992 22;340(8817):439-43.
• Hadjivassiliou M, Grünewald RA, Davies- Jones GA. Gluten sensitivity as a neurological illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(5):560-3.
• Chin RL, Sander HW, Brannagan TH, Green PH, Hays AP, Alaedini A, Latov N. Celiac neuropathy. 27;60(10):1581-5. 2003 89. Kelkar P, Ross MA, Murray J. Mononeuropathy multiplex associated with celiac sprue. Muscle Nerve. 1996;19(2):234-6.
• Hagander B, Berg NO, Brandt L, Nordén A, Sjölund K, Stenstam M. Hepatic injury in adult 6;2(8032):270-2. Lancet. 1977
• Leonardi S, Bottaro G, Patané R, Musumeci S. Hypertransaminasemia as the first symptom in Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990; 11(3):404-6. J Pediatr
• Ludvigsson JF, Elfström P, Broomé U, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Celiac disease and risk of liver disease: a general population- based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(1):63-69.e1.
• Vajro P, Fontanella A, Mayer M, De Vincenzo A, Terracciano LM, D'Armiento M, Vecchione aminotransferase manifestation of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. J Pediatr. 1993;122(3):416-9. serum early activity as an
• Altuntaş B, Kansu A, Girgin N. Hepatic damage in gluten sensitive enteropathy. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1998;40(6):597-9.
• Mahajan L, Wyllie R. Celiac disease presenting with marked aminotransferase elevation. A patient report and review of the literature. ;35(12):653-5. (Phila). 1996
• Renaud C, de Boissieu D, Dupont C, Badoual J. associated with celiac disease. Arch Pediatr. 1994;1(5):528-9. revealing or
• Bardella MT, Vecchi M, Conte D, Del Ninno E, Fraquelli M, Pacchetti S, Minola E, Landoni M, Cesana BM, De Franchis R. Chronic unexplained hypertransaminasemia may be caused by occult celiac disease. Hepatology. 1999;29(3):654-7.
• Volta U, De Franceschi L, Lari F, Molinaro N, Zoli M, Bianchi FB. Coeliac disease hidden by Lancet. 1998 4;352(9121):26-9.
• Bridoux-Henno L, Dabadie A, Briard D, Bahon-Riedinger I, Jouan H, Le Gall E. A case of celiac disease presenting with autoimmune hepatitis and erythroblastopenia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(5):616- 9.
• Maggiore G, Caprai S. The liver in celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 ;37(2):117-9.
• Demir H, Yüce A, Caglar M, Kale G, Kocak N, Ozen H, Gürakan F, Saltik-Temizel IN. Cirrhosis in children with celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(7):630-3.
• Novacek G, Miehsler W, Wrba F, Ferenci P, Penner E, Vogelsang H. Prevalence and clinical importance of hypertransaminasaemia in coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(3):283-8.
• Lindberg T, Berg NO, Borulf S, Jakobsson I. Liver damage in coeliac disease or other food intolerance in childhood. Lancet. 1978 ;18;1(8060):390-1.
• Lee SK, Lo W, Memeo L, Rotterdam H, Green PH. Duodenal histology in patients with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 ;57(2):187-91.
• Stevens FM, McLoughlin RM. Is coeliac disease a potentially treatable cause of liver failure? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 ;17(10):1015-7.
• Eksteen B, Grant AJ, Miles A, Curbishley SM, Lalor PF, Hübscher SG, Briskin M, Salmon M, Adams DH. Hepatic endothelial CCL25 mediates the recruitment of CCR9+ gut-homing lymphocytes to the liver in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Exp Med. 2004 ;6;200(11):1511-7.
• Marzari R, Sblattero D, Florian F, Tongiorgi E, Not T, Tommasini A, Ventura A, Bradbury A. Molecular dissection of the tissue transglutaminase autoantibody response in celiac disease. J Immunol. 2001
• Abenavoli L, Proietti I, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Vonghia L, Capizzi R, Rotoli M, Amerio PL, Gasbarrini G, Addolorato G. Cutaneous manifestations in celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;14;12(6):843-52.
• Poon E, Nixon R. Cutaneous spectrum of coeliac disease. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 ;42(2):136-8.
• Bartyik K, Várkonyi A, Kirschner A, Endreffy E, Tşri S, Karg E. Erythema nodosum in association with celiac disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004 ;21(3):227-30.
• Meneghetti R, Gerarduzzi T, Barbi E, Ventura A. Chronic urticaria and coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child. 2004 ;89(3):293.
• Zone JJ. Skin manifestations of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2005 ;128(4 Suppl 1):S87- 91.
• Rasmusson CG, Eriksson MA. Celiac disease and mineralisation disturbances of permanent teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001 ;11(3):179-83.
• Aine L, Mäki M, Collin P, Keyriläinen O. Dental enamel defects in celiac disease. J Oral Pathol Med. 1990 ;19(6):241-5.
• Priovolou CH, Vanderas AP, Papagiannoulis L. A comparative study on the prevalence of enamel defects and dental caries in children and adolescents with and without coeliac disease. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2004 ;5(2):102- 6.
• Aguirre JM, Rodríguez R, Oribe D, Vitoria JC. Dental enamel defects in celiac patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84(6):646-50.
• Aine L. Dental enamel defects and dental maturity in children and adolescents with celiac 1986;82(4):227-9. Finn Dent Soc.
• Farmakis E, Puntis JW, Toumba KJ. Enamel defects in children with coeliac disease. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2005 ;6(3):129-32.
• Bucci P, Carile F, Sangianantoni A, D'Angiò F, Santarelli A, Lo Muzio L. Oral aphthous ulcers and dental enamel defects in children with coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 2006 ;95(2):203-7.
• Finizio M, Quaremba G, Mazzacca G, Ciacci C. Large forehead: a novel sign of undiagnosed coeliac disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2005 ;37(9):659-64.
• Balli MP, Balli ME, Mengoli M, Balli C, Balli F. Growth, skeletal and dental age in chronic diarrhea in childhood. Pediatr Med Chir. 1988 ;10(3):277-82.
• Swigonski NL, Kuhlenschmidt HL, Bull MJ, Corkins MR, Downs SM. Screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic children with Down syndrome: cost-effectiveness of preventing lymphoma. Pediatrics. 2006 ;118(2):594-602.
• Bonamico M, Bottaro G, Pasquino AM, Caruso-Nicoletti M, Mariani P, Gemme G, Paradiso E, Ragusa MC, Spina M. Celiac disease and Turner syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 ;26(5):496-9.
• Giannotti A, Tiberio G, Castro M, Virgilii F, Colistro F, Ferretti F, Digilio MC, Gambarara M, Dallapiccola B. Coeliac disease in Williams 2001;38(11):767-8. J Med Genet.
• Digilio MC, Giannotti A, Castro M, Colistro F, Ferretti F, Marino B, Dallapiccola B. Screening for celiac disease in patients with deletion 22q11.2 (DiGeorge/velo-cardio-facial syndrome). Am J Med Genet A. 2003 1;121A(3):286-8.
• Lipschutz W, Cadranel S, Lipschutz B, Martin L, Clees N, Martin JJ, Wauters JG, Coucke P, Willems P. 18q-syndrome with coeliac disease. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 ;158(6):528.
• Talvik I, Ounap K, Bartsch O, Ilus T, Uibo O, Talvik T. malformations, and ring chromosome 13 with deletion 13q32-->qter. Am J Med Genet. 2000 ;28;93(5):399-402. celiac disease,
• Selimoğlu MA, Selimoğlu E, Ertekin V, Caner I, Orbak Z. First Turkish patient with floating harbor syndrome with additional findings: cryptorchidim and microcephaly. Yonsei Med J. 2004 ;30;45(2):334-6.
• Ertekin V, Selimoğlu MA, Selimoğlu E, Fidanoğlu syndrome type III in Turkish siblings. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(11):1511-3.
• Geneviève D, Amiel J, Viot G, Le Merrer M, Sanlaville D, Urtizberea A, Gérard M, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V, Lyonnet S. Atypical findings in Kabuki syndrome: report of 8 patients in a series of 20 and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 15;129A(1):64-8.
• Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. Lane- Hamilton syndrome: simultaneous occurrence of coeliac disease and idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis. Intern Med J. 2007;37(1):65- 7.
• Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Bansal M. Paterson Kelly syndrome in celiac disease. J Assoc Physicians India. 2005;53:991-2.
• Al Hemidan AI, Tabbara KF, Althomali T. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada diabetes mellitus and celiac disease in a 3- year-old girl. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006 ;16(1):173-7. associated with
• Farkas H, Visy B, Fekete B, Karádi I, Kovács JB, Kovács IB, Kalmár L, Tordai A, Varga L. Association of celiac disease and hereditary angioneurotic edema. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(10):2682-3.
• Kuscu NK, Akcali S, Kucukmetin NT. Celiac disease and polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002 ;79(2):149-50.
• Ensari A. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease): controversies in diagnosis and classification. 2010;134(6):826-36. Pathol Lab Med.
• Vitoria JC, Arrieta A, Arranz C, Ayesta A, Sojo A, Maruri N, García-Masdevall MD. Antibodies to gliadin, endomysium, and tissue transglutaminase for the diagnosis of celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 ;29(5):571-4.
• Lerner A. New therapeutic strategies for celiac disease. ;9(3):144-7. 139. Lerner A, Kumar V, Iancu TC. Immunological diagnosis of childhood coeliac disease: comparison between antigliadin, antireticulin and antiendomysial antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;95(1):78-82.
• Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, Colletti RB, Fasano A, Guandalini S, Hoffenberg EJ, Horvath K, Murray JA, Pivor M, Seidman EG; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40(1):1-19.
• Ozgenc F, Aksu G, Aydogdu S, Akman S, Genel F, Kutukculer N, Alkanat MB, Vural Yagci endomysial antibody and total intestinal villous atrophy in children with coeliac disease. J Postgrad Med. 2003;49(1):21-4; discussion 24. between anti
• Lewis NR, Scott BB. Systematic review: the use of serology to exclude or diagnose coeliac disease (a comparison of the endomysial and tissue Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 ;1;24(1):47- 54. antibody tests).
• Poland DC, Ceelie H, Dinkelaar RB, Beijer C. Determination antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease: comparison of a novel ELISA-based assay with World J Gastroenterol. 2006 ;7;12(17):2779- 80. IgA conventional immunofluorescence.
• Clark JA, Callicoat PA, Brenner NA, Bradley CA, Smith DM Jr. Selective IgA deficiency in blood 1983;80(2):210-3. J Clin Pathol.
• Carneiro-Sampaio MM, Rozentraub RB, de Araşjo MN, Riberiro MA, Porto MH. Frequency of selective IgA deficiency among Brazilian blood donors and healthy Immunopathol (Madr). 1989 ;17(4):213-6. women. Allergol
• Bilkay Baştürk, Sinan Sarı, Ödül Eğritaş, Arzu Aral, Buket Dalgıç. Türkiye‟de IgA Prevalansı. XX. Ulusal İmmünoloji Kongresi, 2009.
• Ravelli AM, Tobanelli P, Minelli L, Villanacci V, Cestari R. Endoscopic features of celiac disease in children. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(6):736-42.
• Stevens FM, McCarthy CF. The endoscopic demonstration of coeliac disease. Endoscopy. 1976;8(4):177-80.
• Brocchi E, Corazza GR, Caletti G, Treggiari EA, Barbara L, Gasbarrini G. Endoscopic demonstration of loss of duodenal folds in the diagnosis of celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 1988 ;22;319(12):741-4.
• Jabbari M, Wild G, Goresky CA, Daly DS, Lough JO, Cleland DP, Kinnear DG. Scalloped endoscopic marker Gastroenterology. 1988;95(6):1518-22. celiac of sprue.
• Brocchi E, Corazza GR, Brusco G, Mangia L, Gasbarrini G. Unsuspected celiac disease diagnosed by endoscopic visualization of duodenal bulb micronodules. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44(5):610-1.
• Mauriño E, Capizzano H, Niveloni S, Kogan Z, Valero J, Boerr L, Bai JC. Value of endoscopic markers in celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(11):2028-33.
• Sanfilippo G, Patanè R, Fusto A, Passanisi G, Valenti R, Russo A. Endoscopic approach to childhood coeliac disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1986;49(4):401-8.
• Corazza GR, Caletti GC, Lazzari R, Collina A, Brocchi E, Di Sario A, Ferrari A, Gasbarrini G. Scalloped duodenal folds in childhood celiac disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;39(4):543-5.
• Brocchi E, Tomassetti P, Misitano B, Epifanio G, Corinaldesi R, Bonvicini F, Gasbarrini G, Corazza G. Endoscopic markers in adult coeliac disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2002 ;34(3):177-82.
• Magazzu G, Bottari M, Tuccari G, Arco A, Pallio S, Lucanto C, Tortora A, Barresi G. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy can be a reliable screening tool for celiac sprue in adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994;19(3):255- 7; discussion 257-8.
• Dickey W, Hughes D. Prevalence of celiac disease and its endoscopic markers among patients having routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol.
• Savas N, Akbulut S, Saritas U, Koseoglu T. Correlation of clinical and histopathological with endoscopic findings of celiac disease in the Turkish population. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(5):1299-303.
• Sanfilippo G, Patanè R, Fusto A, Passanisi G, Valenti R, Russo A. Endoscopic approach to childhood coeliac disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1986;49(4):401-8.
• Serra S, Jani PA. An approach to duodenal biopsies. J Clin Pathol. 2006 ;59(11):1133-50.
• Dickson BC, Streutker CJ, Chetty R. Coeliac disease: an update for pathologists. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(10):1008-16.
• Owens SR, Greenson JK. The pathology of malabsorption: Histopathology. 2007;50(1):64-82. concepts.
• Fasano A. Clinical presentation of celiac disease Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 Suppl 1):S68- 73. population.
• Marsh MN, Ensari A, Morgan SR. Evidence that gluten sensitivity is an immunologic disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 1993; 9(6):994-1000.
• Kutlu T, Brousse N, Rambaud C, Le Deist F, Schmitz J, Cerf-Bensussan N. Numbers of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta+ but not of TcR lymphocytes correlate with the grade of villous atrophy in coeliac patients on a long term normal diet. Gut. 1993;34(2):208-14.
• Bonamico M, Mariani P, Thanasi E, Ferri M, Nenna R, Tiberti C, Mora B, Mazzilli MC, Magliocca FM. Patchy villous atrophy of the duodenum in childhood celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 ;38(2):204-7.
• Manuel PD, Walker-Smith JA, France NE. Patchy enteropathy in childhood. Gut. 1979;20(3):211-5.
• Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(6):1981-2002.
• Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten Gastroenterology. 1992 ;102(1):330-54. ('celiac sprue'). 170. Arató A, Hacsek G, Savilahti E. Immunohistochemical findings in the jejunal mucosa of patients with coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1998;228:3-10.
• Mäki M, Holm K, Collin P, Savilahti E. Increase in gamma/delta T cell receptor bearing lymphocytes in normal small bowel mucosa in latent coeliac disease. Gut. 1991 ;32(11):1412-4.
• Veress B, Franzén L, Bodin L, Borch K. Duodenal intraepithelial lymphocyte-count revisited. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004 ;39(2):138-44.
• Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(10):1185-94.
• Marsh MN. Screening for latent gluten sensitivity: questions many, but answers few. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8(1):3-6.
• Brown I, Mino-Kenudson M, Deshpande V, Lauwers GY. Intraepithelial lymphocytosis in architecturally preserved proximal small intestinal mucosa: an increasing diagnostic problem with a wide differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(7):1020-5.
• Goldstein NS. Proximal small-bowel mucosal intraepithelial
• Histopathology. 2004;44(3):199-205. lymphocytes.
• Mahadeva S, Wyatt JI, Howdle PD. Is a raised intraepithelial lymphocyte count with normal duodenal relevant? J Clin Pathol. 2002 ;55(6):424-8. clinically
• Mowat AM, Ferguson A. Intraepithelial lymphocyte count and crypt hyperplasia measure the mucosal component of the graft- versus-host reaction in mouse small intestine. Gastroenterology. 1982;83(2):417-23.
• Marsh MN, Crowe PT. Morphology of the mucosal lesion in gluten sensitivity. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1995;9(2):273-93.
• Meeuwisse GW. Diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease. Acta Pediatr Scand 1970 59:461-463.
• Collin P, Thorell L, Kaukinen K, Mäki M. The safe threshold for gluten contamination in gluten-free products. Can trace amounts be accepted in the treatment of coeliac disease? Aliment ;15;19(12):1277-83. Ther. 2004
• Janatuinen EK, Kemppainen TA, Pikkarainen PH, Holm KH, Kosma VM, Uusitupa MI, Mäki M, Julkunen RJ. Lack of cellular and humoral immunological responses to oats in adults 2000;46(3):327-31. disease. Gut.
• Lundin KE, Nilsen EM, Scott HG, Lİberg EM, Gjİen A, Bratlie J, Skar V, Mendez E, Lİvik A, Kett K. Oats induced villous atrophy in coeliac disease. Gut. 2003 ;52(11):1649-52.
• Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ. Survival in refractory coeliac disease and enteropathy- associated T-cell lymphoma: retrospective evaluation of single-centre experience. Gut. 2007;56(10):1373-8.
• Mauriño E, Niveloni S, Cherñavsky AC, Sugai E, Vázquez H, Pedreira S, Periolo N, Mazure R, Smecuol E, Moreno ML, Litwin N, Nachman F, Kogan Z, Bai JC. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with refractory sprue diagnosed at a single Latinoam. 2006;36(1):10-22. Gastroenterol
• Cookie WT, Smith WT. In Coeliac Disease. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp172- 173,1984.
• Gough KR, Read AE, Naish JM. Intestinal reticulosis as a complication of idiopathic steatorrhoea. Gut. 1962;3:232-9.
• Cooper BT, Read AE. Coeliac disease and lymphoma. Q J Med. 1987;63(240):269-74.