Araştırma Makalesi

Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis

Cilt: 19 22 Ekim 2026
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Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis

Öz

Suspicious breast calcifications detected on mammography may represent a wide spectrum of histopathological findings ranging from benign alterations to malignancy. A nonmalignant result on core needle biopsy (CNB) may occasionally underestimate an underlying malignancy. This study aimed to determine the rate of upgrade from a nonmalignant CNB result to malignancy after surgical excision and to evaluate the association of patient age, calcification size, and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category with upgrade. This retrospective single-center study included 47 patients who underwent CNB for suspicious mammographic calcifications followed by surgical excision between January 2020 and December 2025. CNB findings were classified as malignant or nonmalignant. Upgrade to malignancy was defined as the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast carcinoma in the surgical specimen after a nonmalignant CNB result. Patients with nonmalignant CNB findings were compared according to upgrade status. The associations of age, calcification size, and BI-RADS category with upgrade were evaluated, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to assess the discriminatory ability of calcification size. CNB revealed malignant pathology in 16 (34.0%) and nonmalignant pathology in 31 (66.0%) patients. Among the 31 patients with nonmalignant CNB findings, malignancy was detected after surgical excision in 10, corresponding to an upgrade rate of 32.3% (95% CI: 16.7–51.4). Calcification size was significantly greater in patients with upgrade than in those without upgrade (19.6±14.1 mm vs. 10.6±9.5 mm, respectively; p=0.048), whereas age was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.352). The upgrade rate was higher in the high radiologic suspicion group comprising BI-RADS 4B, 4C, and 5 lesions than in the remaining BI-RADS categories (53.8% vs. 16.7%); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.052). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for calcification size was 0.724 (95% CI: 0.496–0.951; p=0.054). A cutoff value of ≥14 mm yielded a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 85.7%. Among patients selected for surgical excision after CNB of suspicious mammographic calcifications, approximately one-third of those with an initially nonmalignant CNB result were upgraded to malignancy. Larger calcification size was associated with upgrade, while higher BI-RADS categories showed a clinically relevant but statistically nonsignificant trend toward increased upgrade. These findings suggest that calcification size, radiologic suspicion, sampling adequacy, and radiologic-pathologic concordance should be considered together when determining the management of suspicious calcifications with nonmalignant CNB findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. 1. Sünger E. Memenin Benign Tümörlerinde Malignite Riski ve Takip. In; Sedef AM (Ed.), Meme Kanseri, Akademisyen Yayınevi, 2026, pp 247-256.
  2. 2. Lohitvisate W, Kaeorat C, Kwankua A. Mammography of suspicious calcifications among ductal carcinoma in situ and benign breast disease. South African J Radiology. 2024;28(1):2852-2852.
  3. 3. Bulut N, Dağıstanlı S, Sönmez S. Is it important to evaluate the demographic characteristics and radiological findings of patients who have micro calcific lesions in the breast with biopsy results in the decision of excision? Research Square. 2022 June. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1705371/v1
  4. 4. Ünal S, Gürsoy M, İkizceli T, Pasin Ö. Excisional Biopsy Outcomes of Mammographically Detected Breast Calcifications and Their Correlation with Calcification Morphology. 2026.
  5. 5. Fawzy M, Sheta H, hafez AAE, Harb D, Zuhdy M, Alghandour R, et al. Accuracy and Upgrading of CNB and BI-RADS Diagnoses Compared to Excision: A Clinicopathological-Radiological Correlation of Papillary Breast Lesions and Neoplasms. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2022;23(11):3959-69.
  6. 6. Catanzariti F, Avendaño D, Cicero G, Garza-Montemayor M, Sofia C, Rullo EV, et al. High-risk lesions of the breast: concurrent diagnostic tools and management recommendations. Insights into Imaging. 2021;12(1):63-63.
  7. 7. Tuncez HC, Gültekin TÖ, Adıbelli ZH, Çavdar DK. Are Benign Core Needle Biopsy Results Really Benign in BI-RADS 4 and 5 Breast Lesions? Iranian Journal of Radiology. 2024;21(4).
  8. 8. Lee S, Wahab RA, Sobel LD, Zhang B, Brown AL, Lewis K, et al. Analysis of 612 Benign Papillomas Diagnosed at Core Biopsy: Rate of Upgrade to Malignancy, Factors Associated With Upgrade, and a Proposal for Selective Surgical Excision. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2021;217(6):1299-311.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Genel Cerrahi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

22 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

11 Ağustos 2026

Kabul Tarihi

20 Ekim 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 19

Kaynak Göster

APA
Gökova, M., Şafak, M. M., Ünal, S., Yılmaz Bozok, Y., Bolat Küçükzeybek, B., & Gür, E. Ö. (2026). Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis. Journal of Surgical Arts, 19. https://doi.org/10.4717/jsa.2016205
AMA
1.Gökova M, Şafak MM, Ünal S, Yılmaz Bozok Y, Bolat Küçükzeybek B, Gür EÖ. Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis. JSurgArts. 2026;19. doi:10.4717/jsa.2016205
Chicago
Gökova, Melek, Muhammet Mustafa Şafak, Sevgi Ünal, Yeliz Yılmaz Bozok, Betül Bolat Küçükzeybek, ve Emine Özlem Gür. 2026. “Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis”. Journal of Surgical Arts 19 (Ekim). https://doi.org/10.4717/jsa.2016205.
EndNote
Gökova M, Şafak MM, Ünal S, Yılmaz Bozok Y, Bolat Küçükzeybek B, Gür EÖ (01 Ekim 2026) Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis. Journal of Surgical Arts 19
IEEE
[1]M. Gökova, M. M. Şafak, S. Ünal, Y. Yılmaz Bozok, B. Bolat Küçükzeybek, ve E. Ö. Gür, “Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis”, JSurgArts, c. 19, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.4717/jsa.2016205.
ISNAD
Gökova, Melek - Şafak, Muhammet Mustafa - Ünal, Sevgi - Yılmaz Bozok, Yeliz - Bolat Küçükzeybek, Betül - Gür, Emine Özlem. “Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis”. Journal of Surgical Arts 19 (01 Ekim 2026). https://doi.org/10.4717/jsa.2016205.
JAMA
1.Gökova M, Şafak MM, Ünal S, Yılmaz Bozok Y, Bolat Küçükzeybek B, Gür EÖ. Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis. JSurgArts. 2026;19. doi:10.4717/jsa.2016205.
MLA
Gökova, Melek, vd. “Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis”. Journal of Surgical Arts, c. 19, Ekim 2026, doi:10.4717/jsa.2016205.
Vancouver
1.Melek Gökova, Muhammet Mustafa Şafak, Sevgi Ünal, Yeliz Yılmaz Bozok, Betül Bolat Küçükzeybek, Emine Özlem Gür. Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis. JSurgArts. 01 Ekim 2026;19. doi:10.4717/jsa.2016205

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