KENEVİR, TIBBİ KENEVİR VE ESRAR ÜÇLÜSÜNÜN SİMBİYOTİK ETKİLEŞİMİ: ALGI, POLİTİKA VE GÜVENLİK MEKANİZMALARI

Öz

Kenevir tıbbi alanda kullanılabilen, öte yandan içerdiği psikoaktif nedeniyle uyuşturucu ve hayal gösterici etkileri bulunan bir bitkidir. İnsanoğlu asırlardan beri tanımaktadır. Farklı endüstrilerde kullanılması mümkündür. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de psikoaktif olarak kötüye kullanımı yaygındır. Daha ağır ve sentetik uyuşturuculara basamak teşkil edebilir. Endüstriyel kenevir üretimi Türkiye’de 1990 yılında başlamıştır. 2023 yılı itibariyle de tıbbi kenevir üretimi mümkün olmuştur. Tıbbi kenevir üretimine ilişkin yasal düzenlemeler, uluslararası ve ulusal anlamda birçok uygulamanın konusudur. Birey ve toplum sağlığı ile birey ve toplum güvenliğinin sağlanmasından, Türkiye’nin ekonomik çıkarlarının korunmasına kadar birden fazla alanla ilgilidir. Tıbbi kenevirle bağlantılı önemli noktalardan biri ceza hukuku uygulamalarıdır. Tıbbi kenevirde yasal ve yasa dışı alan iç içedir. Bu özelliği nedeniyle uygulandığı bölgelerde gri pazar oluşma riski yüksektir. Bu çalışma, tıbbi kenevir uygulamalarına dair henüz hazırlık aşamasında olan ikincil mevzuat çalışmaları açısından önem arz etmektedir. Yürürlüğe konacak yönetmelik hükümleri, Türkiye’nin kenevir konusundaki geleceğini belirleyecektir. Alan disiplin altına alınabileceği gibi içinden çıkılamaz hale de gelecektir. Amacımız politika yapıcıların çalışmalarına küçük de olsa katkı sağlayabilmektir. Bu çalışmayla; kenevir ve esrar olgusuna dünya ve Türkiye’deki bakış açısını netleştirebilmek; iddia edilen faydalarına dönük tartışmaları irdeleyebilmek; Türkiye’de gelinen durum, onay ve çekinceleri tartışabilmek amaçlanmıştır. Dünya örneklerinden de yararlanarak yapılacak yönetmelik düzenlemesi için öneriler geliştirilecektir. Tıbbi kenevir düzenlemesinin toplumda oluşturacağı algı ve madde bağımlılığına dönük etkileri de çalışmanın konusudur. Makalede ayrıca tıbbi kenevir uygulamasının uyuşturucuyla mücadeleye yansımaları, birey ve toplum güvenliğinin sağlanması konuları irdelenecektir. Bu araştırma makalesinde nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tıbbi Kenevir
• Esrar
• Madde Bağımlılığı
• Güvenlik
• Algı

THE SYMBIOTIC INTERACTION OF CANNABIS, MEDICINAL CANNABIS, AND MARIJUANA: PERCEPTION, POLICY, AND SECURITY MECHANISMS

Öz

Cannabis is used in the medical field; however, it also contains psychoactive substances. Therefore, it is a plant that causes narcotic and hallucinogenic effects in users. People have been aware of cannabis for centuries, and it has been used in various industries. The abuse of its psychoactive properties is widespread both worldwide and in Türkiye, and it is considered a potential gateway to heavier and synthetic drugs. Industrial cannabis production in Türkiye began in 1990. In 2023, the production of medical cannabis became legally permissible. Legal regulations concerning medical cannabis production are the subject of numerous international and national enforcement efforts. These regulations address many different areas, ranging from ensuring individual and public health and security to protecting Türkiye’s economic interests. One of the most important issues related to medical cannabis is criminal law enforcement. In this field, the legal and illegal spheres are closely intertwined. Due to this situation, there is a high risk of a gray market emerging in regions where medical cannabis is implemented. This study is important in terms of secondary legislation efforts regarding medical cannabis procedures, which are still in the preparatory stage. The regulations that will enter into force will determine Türkiye’s future approach to cannabis. The issue may either be brought under control or become increasingly difficult to resolve. The purpose of this study is to contribute, even in a limited way, to the work of policymakers. With this study, we aim to clarify global and Turkish perspectives on cannabis and marijuana; to examine the debates surrounding their alleged benefits; and to discuss the current situation, approvals, and objections in Türkiye. Suggestions for regulatory amendments are developed based on examples from around the world. The study also addresses the societal perception that medical cannabis regulation may create and its potential effects on drug addiction. In addition, the article discusses the implications of medical cannabis use for anti-drug policy and the challenges of ensuring individual and public security. Qualitative research methods were used in this research article.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Medical Cannabis
• Marijuana
• Substance Addiction
• Security
• Perception

Kaynakça

1. Advisory Committee. (2018). An Experiment with a Closed Cannabis Chain. Anesia Seeds. (t.y). “Future#1”. https://anesiaseeds.com/product/future-1 Erişim: 24.09.2025.
2. APHA. (2020). A Public Health Approach to Regulating Commercially Legalized Cannabis, Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.apha.org/policy-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-briefs/policy-database/2021/01/13/a-public-health-approach-to-regulating-commercially-legalized-cannabis
3. Aşkın, H. (2020). Terör ve Algı Yönetimi (3. Baskı). İzmir. Yayın B.
4. Aydın, A. H., ve Taş İ. E. (2013). Kamu Yönetiminde Halkla İlişkiler. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
5. Bachman, J. G., Johnson, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., ve Humphrey, R. H. (1986). Changes in Marijuana use Linked to Changes in Preceived Risks and Disapproval. Monitoring the Future Occasional, Paper 19.
6. Basel Institute on Governance. (2022). Supporting Stakeholders in Adopting Non-Conviction Based Forfeiture as a Tool For Asset Recovery. ICAR. Erişim: 21.03.2025 https://baselgovernance.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/220802_lisbon-conference-recommendations-en.pdf
7. BDSA. (2024). Forecasts Global Legal Cannabis Sales to Hit 58 Billion USD in 2028. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://bdsa.com/press-release/bdsa-forecasts-global-legal-cannabis-sales-to-hit-58-billion-in-2028-2/
8. Bewley-Taylor, D., Blickman, T., ve Jelsma M. (2014). The Rice and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition. Transnational Institute, Amsterdam.

9. Booth, M. (2003). Cannabis: a History. New York: Picador
10. Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. (2025). International Narcotics Control Strategy Report. Drug and Chemical Control, 1. Erişim: 24.09.2025. https://www.state.gov/2025-international-narcotics-control-strategy-report
11. CCSA. (2023). Closing the Gaps: Cannabis Research Summary Report. Ottowa.
12. CND. (2020). CND 63rd Session Reconvened. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://cndblog.org/2020/12/cnd-63rd-session-reconvened-tuesday-2-december-2020
13. Colorado. (2014). Marijuana Tax Cash Fund - Creation - Distribution - Legislative Declaration – Repeal, Part 5, m. 39-28.8-501. Erişim: 19.12.2025 https://www.lpdirect.net/casb/crs/39-28_8-501.html
14. Congressional Research Service. (2013). Terrorism and Transnational Crime: Foreign Policy Issues for Congress. Erişim: 02.12.2025. https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R41004/R41004.10.pdf
15. Congressional Research Service. (2022). The Evolution of Marijuana as a Controlled Substance and the Federal-State Policy Gap. CRS Report, R44782. Erişim: 17.12.2025. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R44782
16. Courtwright, D. T. (2002). Forces of Habit (Third Edition). US: Harvard University Press.
17. Dawn P. (2014). Drug War Capitalism (First Edition). Oakland: AK Press. de Sutter, L. (2018). Narcocapitalism, Barnaby Norman (Çev.). Medford: Polity Press.
18. Department of State. (1909). The Acting Secratary of State to the Diplomatic Officers of the United States Accredited to the Goverments which were Represented in the Shanghai International Opium Commission. 774/651A. Erişim: 22.11.2025 https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1909/d124
19. Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı. (1935). BCA, 30.10.0.0.178.230.8. Dosya Ek 202, Ankara. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
20. EUDA. (2018). Medical Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. EU: Luxembourg.
21. EUDA. (2023). European Drug Report 2023: Trends and Developments (single PDF version). EU: Luxembourg. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023_en
22. EUDA. (2025a). Wastewater Analysis and Drugs-a European Multi-City Study. EU: Luxembourg. Erişim: 19.09.2025 https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/html/pods/waste-water-analysis_en
23. EUDA. (2025b). Heroin and Other Opioids-the Current Situation in Europe. EU: Luxembourg. Erişim: 19.09.2025 https://www.euda.europa.eu/sites/default/files/pdf/32299_en.pdf?984773
24. EUDA. (2025c). Drug-Induced Deaths-the Current Situation in Europe. EU: Luxembourg. Erişim: 19.09.2025 https://www.euda.europa.eu/sites/default/files/pdf/32312_tr.pdf?902805
25. European Comission. (2023). Hemp Production in the EU. Agriculture and Rural Development. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/crop-productions-and-plant-based-products/hemp_en
26. EUROPOL. (2024). EU Drug Markets Analysis 2024: Key Insights for Policy and Practice. EU: Luxembourg. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-analysis-2024-key-insights-for-policy-and-practice
27. Farooqul, A. (2016). The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinles. Almanack, 14. 52-73.
28. Faroquhi, S. (2015). Subjects of the Sultan (Sixth Edition). New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
29. Farrell, A. (1997). Addicted to Profit – Capitalism and Drugs. International Socialism, 77. Erişim: 22.06.2025 https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/farrell-audrey/1997/12/drugs.htm
30. Federal Register. (2016). Denial of Petition To Initiate Proceedings To Reschedule Marijuana. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/08/12/2016-17954/denial-of-petition-to-initiate-proceedings-to-reschedule-marijuana
31. Federal Register. (2024). Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Marijuana. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/05/21/2024-11137/schedules-of-controlled-substances-rescheduling-of-marijuana
32. Fortune Business Insight. (2025a). Medical Marijuana Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Application (Pain Disorders, Cancer, and Others), By Type (Flowers, Concentrates, Edibles and Others), By Distribution Channel (Dispensaries, Online Channel, and Others), and Regional Forecast, 2025-2032. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/medical-marijuana-market-102609
33. Fortune Business Insights. (2025b). “Industrial Hemp Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Source (Organic and Conventional), By Type (Hemp Seed, Hemp Seed Oil, Hemp Fiber, and Others), By Application (Food [Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods], Beverages, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Textiles, Pharmaceuticals, and Others), and Regional Forecast, 2025-2032. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/enquiry/request-sample-pdf/industrial-hemp-market-102459
34. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli N. (2012). Living with Television: The Dynamics of the Cultivation Process, M. Morgan (Ed.), Living with Television Now: Advances in Cultivation Theory and Research, 17-40. Peter Lang Inc.
35. Gezer, O. (2020). Osmanlılarda Esrar ve Esrarkeşler (2. Baskı). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. T.C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. (2016). Kenevir Yetiştiriciliği ve Kontrolü Hakkında Yönetmelik, RG: 29.09.2016/29842. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160929-3.htm
36. Gonzales v. Raich. (2005). Supreme Court of the United States. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/545/1/
37. Government Accountability Office. (2015). Drug Impaired Driving. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-15-293.pdf
38. Government of Canada. (2022). Taking Stock of Progress: Cannabis legalization and regulation in Canada. Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2025 https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/programs/engaging-cannabis-legalization-regulation-canada-taking-stock-progress/document/pdf-lr-engagement-paper-en.pdf
39. Government of Canada. (2024). Legislative Review of the Cannabis Act: Final Report of the Expert Panel. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/publications/drugs-medication/legislative-review-cannabis-act-final-report-expert-panel/legislative-review-cannabis-act-final-report-expert-panel.pdf Government of Canada. (t.y). Cannabis and the Border. Erişim: 18.12.2025.https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/border.html
40. Gökbulut, E. (2019). Cannabis ve Kannabinoidlerin Dozaj Formları ve Uygulama Yolları. Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim Dergisi, 43-44, 26-30.
41. Green, H. H. (2024). Cannabis Could Help People Cut Down or Stop Opioid Use, Research Shows. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/aug/12/weed-help-cut-opioid-use
42. Grund, J. Paul., & Breeksema, J. (2013). Coffee Shops and Compromise: Separated Illicit Drug Markets in the Netherlands. Global Drug Policy Program.1-80.
43. Guba, D. A. (2016). The Real History of France’s First Anti-Drug Law. Erişim: 05.12.2025 https://www.pointshistory.org/post/the-real-history-of-france-s-first-anti-drug-law
44. Halsema, F. (2024). As the Mayor of Amsterdam, I Can See the Netherlands Risks Becoming a Narco-State. The Guardian. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/05/amsterdam-netherlands-drugs-policy-trade
45. Health Canada. (2016). Understanding the New Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations. Erişim: 23.09.2025 https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/understanding-new-access-to-cannabis-for-medical-purposes-regulations.html Hernandez, F. THC Percentage Guide 2025: Research-Backed. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://cannabistraininguniversity.com/cannabis-101/thc-percentage
46. IMARC. (2025a). Cannabidiol Market Size, Share, Trends and Forecast by Product, Source Type, Grade, Sales Type, and Region, 2025-2033. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.imarcgroup.com/cannabidiol-market
47. IMARC. (2025b). “Medical Cannabis Market Report 2025-2033”. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5936010/medical-cannabis-market-report?utm_source=GNE&utm_medium=PressRelease&utm_code=3pgb9r&utm_campaign=2080007+-+Medical+Cannabis+Market+Report+2025-2033+%7c+Rising+Clinical+Trials%2c+R%26D+Activities%2c+and+Commercialization+of+Cannabis-based+Indications&utm_exec=chdomspi
48. INCB. (2023). The International Narcotics Control Board Expresses Concern Over the Trend to Legalize Non-Medical Use of Cannabis, Which Contravenes the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.incb.org/incb/en/news/press-releases/2023/international-narcotics-control-board-expresses-concern-over-the-trend-to-legalize-non-medical-use-of-cannabis--which-contravenes-the-1961-single-convention-on-narcotic-drugs.html.
49. Jelsma, M. (2011). The Development of International Drug Control: Lessons, Learned and Strategic Challenges for the Future. Global Commission on Drug Policies, Working Paper. Geneva.
50. Jeyaretnam, M. (2025). Trump Signs Order to Loosen Restrictions on Marijuana: What to Know, Time. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://time.com/7341662/marijuana-trump-executive-order-drug-classification-restrictions-legalization
51. Kan, P. R. (2009). Drugs and Contemporary Warfare (First Edition). Washington DC: Potomac Books. Kasperson, R. E., Renn, O., Slovic, P., Brown, H. S., Emel, J., Goble, R., Kasperson, J. X. & Ratick, S. (1988). The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 177-187.
52. Kızılkaya, R. & Özkan, A. (2024). Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriy’e İstanbul’da Esrar Tekkeleri. Atatürk Dergisi, 13(1), 1-11.
53. Kozma, Liat. (2011). Cannabis Prohibition in Egypt, 1880-1939: From Local Ban to League of Nations Diplomacy, Middle Eastern Studies, 47(3), 443-460.
54. Lamarck, J. Baptise. (1785). Encyclopedie Methodique Botanique. Paris: Imprimeur des Etats.
55. Mathur, N. K. & Ruhm, C. J. (2023). Marijuana Legalization and Opioid Deaths. Journal of Health Economics, 88, 1-19.
56. Matsumoto, K., Kakehashi, H., Kamata, H., Shima, N., Kamata, T., Katagi, M. & Nishioka, H. (2023). The Time-Course Conversion of CBD into THC9 and THC8 Using Easily Available Acids and Solvents. Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology, 28(2), 103-112.
57. McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2),176–187.
58. McPartland, J. M. (2018). Cannabis Systematics at the Levels of Family, Genus, and Species. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 3(1), 203-212.
59. Mechoulam, R. & Gaoni, Y. (1964). Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 86(8), 1646-1647.
60. Medimpex United Inc. (t.y). Erişim: 23.05.2025 https://meditests.com/product/cbd-thc-surface-residue-vape-oil-pouch-drug-test
61. Merrick, J., Lane, B., Sebree T., Yaksh, T., O’Neill, C. & Banks, S. L. (2016). Identification of Psychoactive Degradants of Cannabidiol in Simulated Gastric and Physiological Fluid. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 102-112.
62. Ministero Dell’ Interno. (2022). Relazione Annual, Roma. Erişim: 03.12.2025 https://antidroga.interno.gov.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Relazione-Annuale-2022.pdf
63. Mital, S. & Nguyen, H. V. (2025). Legalizing Youth-Friendly Cannabis Edibles and Extract and Adolescent Cannabis Use. Jama Network Open.
64. Mobile Detect. (t.y). Erişim: 23.09.2025 https://detectachem.com/product-info/mobile-detect
65. Musto, D. F. (1999). The American Disease (Third Edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
66. NSB. (2019). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. Ankara. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUB%C4%B0M/Ulusal%20Yay%C4%B1nlar/2019-TURKIYE-UYUSTURUCU-RAPORU.pdf
67. NSB. (2020). Adım Adım Kenevir ve Türevleri. Ankara. Erişim: 15.07.2025 https://narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUBİM/Ulusal%20Yayınlar/Adim_Adim_Kenevir_ve_Turevleri.pdf
68. NSB. (2024). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. Ankara. Erişim: 15.07.2025 https://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/icisleri.gov.tr/duyurular(1)/2024_uyus_raporu.pdf
69. NSB. (2025a). Narkolog Profil Analiz Raporu. Yayın No: 61, Ankara. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUB%C4%B0M/Ulusal%20Yay%C4%B1nlar/2025-NARKOLOG-SON.pdf
70. NSB. (2025b). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. Ankara. Erişim: 15.10.2025 https://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/Duyurular/2025/10/2025-Uyusturucu-Raporu.pdf
71. NCJRS. (2020). Effects of Marijuana Legalization on Law Enforcement and Crime: Final Report. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/255060.pdf NCSL, “State Medical Cannabis Law”, 27.06.2025. https://www.ncsl.org/health/state-medical-cannabis-laws Erişim: 24.09.2025.
72. New Frontier Data. (2021). The Global Cannabis Report: Growth & Trends Through.
73. Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The Spiral of Silence: A Theory of Public Opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43–51.
74. NPB. (2018). Noodkreet Recherche: Waar Blijft Onze Versterking? Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://fd-binary-external-prod.imgix.net/_2iH50Ze6zLwndEgGL-bjum9xSE.pdf?dl=Noodkreet-Recherche.pdf.pdf O’Shaughnessy, W. B. (1839). On The Preparatıons of the Indıan Hemp, or Gunjah. Kalküta: Bishop’s College Press.
75. ONDCP. (2010). Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Challenges and Limitations. Erişim: 22.09.2025 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/Fact_Sheets/portugal_fact_sheet_8-25-10.pdf Optosky Spectroscopy Solutions. (t.y). Erişim: 23.09.2025 https://optosky.com/mobile-raman-1.html
76. Oregon. (2014). Control, Regulation, and Taxation of Marijuana and Industrial Hemp Act. Measure 91, Section 44. Erişim: 19.12.2025 https://www.oregon.gov/olcc/marijuana/documents/measure91.pdf Pacula, R. L. & Smart, R. (2017). Medical Marijuana and Marijuana Legalization. Annual Review of Clinical Psychohlogy, 13, 397-419.
77. Paradigm Gardens. (t.y). Erişim: 23.09.2025 https://www.paradigmgardens.com/shop/Test-and-Measuring/p/Purpl-Pro-Kit.htm
78. Pawar, A. K. S., Firmin, Elizabeth S., Wilens, T. E. & Hammond, C. J. (2024). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Medical and Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Cannabis Use Among Youth in the United States. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 63(11), 1084-1113.
79. Petrilli, K., Ofori, S., Hines, L., Taylor, G., Adams, S. & Freeman, T. P. (2022). Association of Cannabis Potency with Mental Ill Health and Addiction: a Systematic Review. Lancet Psychiatry, 9(9), 736-750.
80. Petty, E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihoood Model of Persuasion. 19, 123-205.
81. Pew Research Center. (2024). Most Americans Now Live in a Legal Marijuana State – and Most Have at Least One Dispensary in Their County. Erişim: 24.09.2025 https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/29/most-americans-now-live-in-a-legal-marijuana-state-and-most-have-at-least-one-dispensary-in-their-county/
82. Policante, A. (2019). Narcocapitalism: Life in the Age of Anaesthesia. Radical Philosophy, 205, 95-97.
83. Pro-Tech. (t.y). Erişim: 23.05.2025 https://protechsales.com/product/cbd-thc-test
84. Purpl Scientific. (t.y). Erişim: 23.09.2025 https://getpurpl.com/products/purpl-pro
85. Orange Photonics. (t.y). Erişim: 20.12.2025 https://orangephotonics.com/product/lightlab3-cannabis-analyzer/
86. Quebec. (2019). Cannabis Regulation Act, Chapter 5.3. Erişim: 19.12.2025 https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/document/lc/C-5.3?langCont=en
87. Ren, G., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Ridout, K., Serrano, M. L., Yang, Y., Liu, A., Ravikanth, G., Nawaz, M. A., Mumtaz, A. S., Salamin, N. & Fumagalli, L. (2021). Large-Scale Whole-Genome Resequencing Unravels the Domestication History of Cannabis Sativa. Science Advances, 7(19), 1-12.
88. Reynolds, J. R. (1890). Therapeutics: Cannabis Indica. The Hospital, 112-113. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c032/8fd5a690d57cc7f6c884384240b77cb7931b.pdf
89. Robson, P. (2001). Therapeutic Aspects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 107-115.
90. Rudaw. (2015). Exclusive: Former Top PKK Commander Osman Ocalan Speaks to Rudaw. Erişim: 12.12.2025 https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/10082015
91. Rusya Federasyonu Viyana Daimi Temsilciliği. (2020). Joint Statement at the Reconvened 63rd Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the WHO/ECDD Recommendations on Cannabis and Related Substances Vienna, 2 December 2020. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://viennamission.mid.ru/en/news/02-12-2020_joint-statem_c9565ae7223c223bd620e976161fd9b6/
92. Seydioğulları, İ. H. (2024). Uyuşturucuya Olan Talebin Önlenmesinde Kurumsal İletişimin Rolü. Yeni Yüzyıl’da İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(11), 74-94.
93. Spetz, J., Chapman, S. A., Bates, T., Jura, M. & Schmidt, L. A. (2019). Social and Political Factors Associated With State-Level Legalization of Cannabis in the United States. Contemp Drug Problems, 46(2), 165-179.
94. Staten-Generaal. (2014). Aanhangsel van de Handelingen. Teweede Kamer, Vergaderjaar, 659.
95. Stoa, R. (2020). A Brief Global History of the War on Cannabis. The MIT Press Reader. Erişim: 05.12.2025 https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/a-brief-global-history-of-the-war-on-cannabis
96. T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (t.y). PKK. Erişim: 02.12.2025 https://www.mfa.gov.tr/pkk.en.mfa
97. T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2017). Narkoterörizmle Mücadele: Uyuşturucu ve PKK/KCK. Ankara. Erişim: 20.12.2025 https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/kurumlar/icisleri.gov.tr/IcSite/strateji/deneme/YAYINLAR/%C4%B0%C3%87ER%C4%B0K/narkoterorizm_web%20icin.pdf
98. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2019). Bağımlılıkla Mücadele Stratejik İletişim Belgesi. Erişim: 19.12.2025 https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/36068/0/bagimlilik-ile-mucadele-stratejik-iletisim-belgesipdf.pdf
99. Tarhan, N. (2025). Sokaklarımızın ABD ve Kanada Gibi Esrar Kokmasını İstemiyorsak Bu Tarihi Hatadan Dönülmeli. Erişim: 23.09.2025 https://www.instagram.com/prof.dr.nevzat.tarhan/reel/DL8GnvSMfi5/
100. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. (1990). Kenevir Ekimi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Yönetmelik, RG: 21.10.1990/20672. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20672.pdf
101. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2024). İlaç Etkin Maddesi Üretimi Amaçlı Kenevir Yetiştiriciliği ve Kontrolüne Dair Yönetmelik, RG: 13.09.2024/32661. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2024/09/20240913-3.htm
102. TBMM. (1926). Türk Ceza Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 765, Kabul Tarihi: 01.03.1926, RG: 13.03.1926/320.https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc004/kanuntbmmc004/kanuntbmmc00400765.pdf Erişim: 18.12.2025.
103. TBMM. (1933a). La Haye ve Cenevre Afyon Mukavelenameleri ile Protokollarının Tasdikına Dair Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 2108, Kabul Tarihi: 14.01.1933, RG: 26.01.1933/2314.
104. TBMM. (1933b). Uyuşturucu Maddelerin Murakabesi Hakkında Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 2313, Kabul Tarihi: 12.06.1933 RG: 24.06.1933/22474. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc012/kanuntbmmc012/kanuntbmmc01202313.pdf
105. TBMM. (1986), Uyuşturucu Maddelerle İlgili Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 3298, Kabul Tarihi: 03.06.1986, RG: 19.06.1986/19139.
106. TBMM. (1990). 12.6.1933 Tarihli ve 2313 Sayılı Uyuşturucu Maddelerin Murakabesi Hakkında Kanunun Bir Maddesinin Değiştirilmesine Dair Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 3652, Kabul Tarihi: 23.05.1990, RG: 30.05.1990/20533. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc073/kanuntbmmc073/kanuntbmmc07303652.pdf
107. TBMM. (2004). Türk Ceza Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5237, Kabul Tarihi: 26.09.2004 RG: 12.10.2004/25611.
108. TBMM. (2023). Orman Kanunu ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 7442, Kabul Tarihi: 23.03.2023, RG: 05.04.2023/32154.
109. TBMM. (2025a). Sağlıkla İlgili Bazı Kanunlarda ve 663 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamede Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun, Kanun No: 7557, Kabul Tarihi: 21.07.2025 RG: 24.07.2025/32965.
110. TBMM. (2025b). Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler Komisyonu Raporu, Sıra Sayısı: 218. Erişim: 15.07.2025 https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/KKBSPublicFile/D28/Y3/T2/DosyaKomisyonRaporunuVerdi/35117843-de5a-4fbe-a248-6ef0aa438276.pdf
111. Tennant, I. & Collins, J. E. J. (2020). Smoke Signals: The Evolving Status of Cannabis under the International Drug-Control Regime. Global Inıtiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/cannabis-status-drug-control/
112. Therapeutic Goods Administration. (2013). Sativex: Nabiximols. Erişim: 17.12.2025 https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/auspar-nabiximols-130927-pi.pdf
113. Trocki, C. A. (2005). Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (First Edition). New York: Routledge. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Viyana Daimi Temsilciliği. (2020). Statement of the Republic of Turkey 63rd CND Reconvened Session. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_63Reconvened/statements/02Dec_partI/Turkey.pdf
114. UN. (1925). International Opium Convention. Geneva. Erişim: 20.11.2025 https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1925/02/19250219%2006-36%20AM/Ch_VI_6_6a_6bp.pdf
115. UN. (1964). A Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Treaty Series. Erişim: 23.10.2025 https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20520/volume-520-I-7515-English.pdf
116. UNODC. (2025). World Drug Report. Erişim: 15.07.2025 https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR_2025/WDR25_Special_points_of_interest.pdf
117. Uruguay. (2013). Control Y Regulacıón Del Mercado De Cannabis. Ley 19.172, Y Decretos Reglamentarıos. Erişim: 19.12.2025 https://www.gub.uy/junta-nacional-drogas/sites/junta-nacional-drogas/files/documentos/publicaciones/Ley_19.172_Cannabis_WEB_vfinal.pdf
118. Washington State. (t.y). Driving and Traveling. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://lcb.wa.gov/education/driving_and_traveling
119. Watanabe, K., Itokawa, Y., Yamaori, S., Funahashi, T., Kimura, T., Kaji, T., Usami, N. & Yamamoto, I. (2007). Conversion of Cannabidiol to THC Cannabinoids in Artificial Gastric Juice, and Their Pharmacological Effects in Mice. Forensic Toxicol, 25, 16-21.
120. Whitehurst, L. & Barrow, B. (2025), Trump Signs Executive Order that Could Reclassify Marijuana as a Less Dangerous Drug, AP. Erişim: 18.12.2025 https://apnews.com/article/trump-marijuana-executive-order-bc1e3e5376105fdc6240982b10f74f6f
121. WHO. (2019a). BM Genel Sekreterliğine Mektup. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/2021-dha-docs/unsg_letter_ecdd41_nps_and_medicines_recommendations_24jan19.pdf?download=true&sfvrsn=6e3fa0ce_1
122. WHO. BM Genel Sekreterliğine Mektup. Erişim: 22.10.2025 https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/controlled-substances/unsg-letter-ecdd41-recommendations-cannabis-24jan19.pdf?sfvrsn=6070292c_2
123. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (6. Basım). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.