Gender Inequality in Subjective Well-Being and Time Use from Tourism Perspective: Analysis with TOPSIS and MOORA Methods

Öz

This study aims to investigate the impacts of gender inequalities in the tourism sector on social life. Although the tourism sector generates new employment opportunities for women, these opportunities are predominantly concentrated in low-paid and seasonal positions. By analyzing time use, well-being assessments, and gender-based employment disparities across OECD countries, the research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of gender inequalities within the tourism industry. The existing literature highlights the positive implications of tourism for gender equality. However, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the sector’s ability to narrow the gender gap. While tourism traditionally facilitates women's participation in the labor market by providing employment opportunities, these roles often entail unsuitable working conditions and reinforce traditional gender roles, rather than addressing structural inequalities. Gender inequality, recognized as a global challenge, is particularly evident in the tourism sector, where women predominantly occupy seasonal, part-time, and low-wage positions. This dynamic not only influences daily time-use patterns but also adversely affects subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and work-life balance outcomes. Although the tourism sector is often regarded as a potential catalyst for gender equality, it simultaneously risks exacerbating inequalities through its reliance on labor-intensive roles, challenging working hours that strain the balance between professional and domestic responsibilities, and precarious, seasonal employment conditions. Given these dynamics, the macro-level policies governing tourism employment bear significant implications at the micro level. The primary objective of this study is to analyze OECD countries through the dual lenses of tourism and gender inequality. The evaluation process employs the MOORA method, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique, to assess OECD countries based on the identified parameters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tourism Sector
• Gender
• Time Use
• Well-Being
• Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques

Turizm Perspektifinden Öznel İyi Oluş ve Zaman Kullanımında Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği: TOPSIS ve MOORA Yöntemleri ile Analiz

Öz

Turizm sektörü, kadınların işgücü piyasa-sına katılımı için önemli fırsatlar sunmasına rağmen, sektördeki istihdamın çoğunlukla mevsimlik, düşük ücretli ve güvencesiz olması, cinsiyet eşitsizliklerini pekiştirme riski barındırmaktadır. Kadınlar, turizmde sıklıkla esnek ama zorlu çalışma koşullarına sahip emek yoğun işlerde istihdam edilmekte; bu durum, hem zaman kullanımı hem de öznel refah üzerinde önemli etkilere sahip olmaktadır. Bu çalışma turizm istihdamındaki eşitsizliklerin bireylerin zaman kullanım pratiklerini, öznel refah düzeylerini ve iş-yaşam dengesini nasıl etkilediğini çok boyutlu bir çerçevede inceleyerek literatüre katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu bağlamda kadınların ve erkeklerin zaman kullanımı, refah düzeyine ilişkin öznel değerlendirme ve cinsiyet temelli istihdam farklılıkları OECD ülkeleri özelinde karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmektedir. TOPSIS ve MOORA yöntemleri kullanılarak seçilen göstergelere göre yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları Letonya, Lüksemburg, Estonya, Danimarka ve İsveç’in en üst sırada yer aldığını göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, bahsi geçen ülkelerin hem istihdam yapılarında hem de zaman kullanım pratiklerinde cinsiyet temelli daha dengeli bir yapıya sahip olduklarını ve bu durumun öznel iyi oluşu olumlu şekilde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bulgular ayrıca, turizm istihdamının kadınlar için fırsatlar sunarken aynı zamanda çeşitli eşitsizliklerine yol açtığını ve bunun da doğrudan zaman yönetimi ve öznel refahı etkilediğini son sıralarda yer alan ülkeler üzerinden daha net ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, turizmin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini destekleme potansiyelini ve bu potansiyelin önündeki sınırlayıcı unsurları çok kriterli analiz yöntemleri aracılığıyla sistematik ve bütüncül bir biçimde ortaya koyarak literatüre özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turizm Sektörü
• Toplumsal Cinsiyet
• Zaman Kullanımı
• Öznel İyi Oluş
• Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Teknikleri

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