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Gender-Based Perceptions of Organizational Justice: The Role of Ethical Climate

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 94 - 110, 01.12.2015

Nigar Demircan Çakar

Öz

Gender is an important issue which effects both social and organizational behavior. From an organizational perspective, another important issue which creates performance-oriented results and increases employee motivation is organizational justice. A gender-based view of organizational justice implies that women and men differ from each other regarding their perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. The codes and strategies of ethical climates need to be established accordingly. The results of this study, which was conducted on 562 academicians, indicates that women’s perceptions of justice are less effected by the codes of ethical climate. This study serves as a guide for managers from any sector who aim to increase employee performance concerning gender-based differences

Anahtar Kelimeler

Distributive justice • Procedural justice • Interactional justice • Gender • Organizational ethical climate

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Afshar, H. (1998). Islam and feminisms: An Iranian case-study. London: Macmillan.
  • Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. (2009). The role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 491–500.
  • Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). The development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538–1567.
  • Beugré, C. D. (2002). Understanding organizational justice and its impact on managing employees: An African perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7), 1091– 1104. Beugré, C. D., & Baron, R. A. (2001). Perceptions of systemic justice: The effects of distributive, procedural and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(2), 324–339.
  • Brockner, J., & Adsit, L. (1986). The moderating impact of sex on the equity-satisfaction relationship: A field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 585–590.
  • Brothers, T. (1991). Corporate ethics: Developing new standards of accountability. New York, NY: The Conference Board.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 32, 470–483.
  • Chernyak-Hai, L., & Tziner, A. (2012). Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBS): Sociopsychological antecedents and consequences. International Review of Social Psychology, 25(3/4), 53–92.
  • Clay-Warner, J., Raynolds J., & Roman, P. (2015). Organizational justice and job satisfaction: A test of three competing models. Social Justice Research, 18(4), 391–409.
  • Çolak, M. & Erdost, H. E. (2004). Organizational justice: A review of the literature and some suggestions for future research. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 51–84.
  • Colquitt, J. A., Greenberg, J., Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). What is organizational justice? A historical overview. J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 3–56). Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Cropanzano, R., Prehar, C. A., & Chen, P. Y. (2002). Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group and Organization Management, 27, 324–351.
  • Cross, S. E., & Madison, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construal and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5–37.
  • Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Stephens, C. (1989). An ethical weather report: Assessing the organization’s ethical climate. Organizational Dynamics, 18(2), 50–63.
  • Demircan, N. (2003). Örgütsel güvenin bir ara değişken olarak örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisi: Eğitim sektöründe bir uygulama (Doktora tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği (Malatya örneği). Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 209–230.
  • Fırat, A. S. (2003). Çevre etiği kavramı üzerine yeniden düşünmek. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(3), 105–144.
  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York, NY: Random House.
  • Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organizational justice and human resource management. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and the women’s movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Göle, N. (1993). Modern mahrem (4. basım). İstanbul: Metis.
  • Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399–432.
  • Greenberg, J., & Bies, R. J. (1992). Establishing the role of empirical studies of organizational justice in philosophical inquiries into business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5/6), 433–444.
  • Gürhan, N. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve din. E-Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(Kasım), 58–80.
  • İnce, M. ve Gül, H. (2005). Yönetimde yeni bir paradigma: Örgütsel bağlılık. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Irak, D. U. (2004). Örgütsel adalet: Ortaya çıkışı, kuramsal yaklaşımlar ve bugünkü durumu. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 7(13), 25–43.
  • İşbaşı, J. Ö. (2001). Çalışanların yöneticilerine duydukları güvenin ve örgütsel adalete ilişkin algılamalarının vatandaşlık davranışının oluşumundaki rolü. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 51–73.
  • Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue - Contingent Model. Academy of Management Review, 16, 366–395.
  • Kernan, M., & Hanges, P. (2002). Survivor reactions to reorganization: Antecedents and consequences of procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 916–928.
  • Lau, V. P., & Wong, Y. Y. (2009). Direct and multiplicative effects of ethical dispositions and ethical climates on personal justice norms: A virtue ethics perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, 279–294.
  • Lee, C., Pillutla, M., & Law, K. (2000). Power-distance, gender and organizational justice. Journal of Management, 26(4), 685–702.
  • Marshal, T. F. (1999). Restorative justice: An overview (A Report by the Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate).
  • Marshall, G. (1999). Sosyoloji sözlüğü (çev. O. Akınhay ve D. Kömürcü). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yay.
  • Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 7–16.
  • Mcdonald, G. (1999). Business ethics: Practical proposals for organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 19(April), 143–158.
  • Miller, D., & Lee, J. (2001). The people make the process. Journal of Management, 27(2), 163–189.
  • Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845–855.
  • Mueller, C. W., Iverson, R. D., & Jo, D. G. (1999). Justice evaluations in two cultural contexts: A comparison of the US and South Korea. Human Relations, 52, 869–893.
  • Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556.
  • Özen, J. (2002). Adalet kuramlarının gelişimi ve örgütsel adalet türleri. Hukuk Felsefesi ve Sosyolojisi Arşivi, 5, 107–117.
  • Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C. A., & Williams, E. S. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two- sample study. Journal of Management, 25(6), 897–933.
  • Qualls, W. J., & Puto, C. P. (1989). Organizational climate and decision framing: An integrated approach to analyzing industrial buying decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 26(May), 179–192.
  • Reidenbach, R. E., & Donald, R. P. (1990). Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 639–653.
  • Roald, A. S. (2001). Women in Islam: The Western experience. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Robertson, D. C., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (1993). Corporate institutionalization of ethics in the United States and Great Britain. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 301–312.
  • Scandura, T. A., & Ragins, B. R. (1993). The effects of sex and gender role orientation on mentorship in male-dominated occupations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43, 251–265.
  • Soutar, G., Mcneil, M. M., & Molster, C. (1994). The impact of the work environment on ethical decision making: Some Australian evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 327–339.
  • Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin, D. B. (1997). Process and outcome: Gender differences in the assessment of justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 83–98.
  • Tang, T. L., & Sarshfield-Baldwin, L. J. (1996). Distributive and procedural justice as related to satisfaction and commitment. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 61, 25–31.
  • Toker, İ. (2009). Eşitlik ve adalet kavramları çerçevesinde Müslüman kadınlarda toplumsal cinsiyet örüntüleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 142–165.
  • Trevino, L. K., & Waver, G. R. (2001). Organizational justice and ethics program follow-through: Influences on employees harmful and helpful behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 11(4), 651–671.
  • Tuna, M. (2013). Örgütsel adalet: Kamu ve özel sektör kuruluşlarında bir araştırma. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(8), 997–1023.
  • Van Den Bos, K., Lind, E. A., & Wilke, H. A. M. (2001). The psychology of procedural and distributive justice viewed from the perspective of fairness heuristic theory. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice (Vol. 2, pp. 29–66). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The organizational bases of ethical work climate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 101–125.
  • Wang, Y. D., & Hsieh, H. H. (2012). Toward a better understanding of the link between ethical climate and job satisfaction: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 535–545.
  • Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590–598.
  • Weaver, G. R. (1993). Corporate codes of ethics: Purpose, process and content issues. Business and Society 32, 1, 44-58.
  • Weaver, G. R., & Trevino, L. K., (2001). The role of human resources in ethics/compliance management: A fairness perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 113–134.
  • Zajac, G. (1996). Beyond Hammurabi: A public service definition of ethics failure. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6, 145–190.

Gender-Based Perceptions of Organizational Justice: The Role of Ethical Climate

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 94 - 110, 01.12.2015

Nigar Demircan Çakar

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Afshar, H. (1998). Islam and feminisms: An Iranian case-study. London: Macmillan.
  • Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. (2009). The role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 491–500.
  • Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). The development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538–1567.
  • Beugré, C. D. (2002). Understanding organizational justice and its impact on managing employees: An African perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7), 1091– 1104. Beugré, C. D., & Baron, R. A. (2001). Perceptions of systemic justice: The effects of distributive, procedural and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(2), 324–339.
  • Brockner, J., & Adsit, L. (1986). The moderating impact of sex on the equity-satisfaction relationship: A field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 585–590.
  • Brothers, T. (1991). Corporate ethics: Developing new standards of accountability. New York, NY: The Conference Board.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 32, 470–483.
  • Chernyak-Hai, L., & Tziner, A. (2012). Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBS): Sociopsychological antecedents and consequences. International Review of Social Psychology, 25(3/4), 53–92.
  • Clay-Warner, J., Raynolds J., & Roman, P. (2015). Organizational justice and job satisfaction: A test of three competing models. Social Justice Research, 18(4), 391–409.
  • Çolak, M. & Erdost, H. E. (2004). Organizational justice: A review of the literature and some suggestions for future research. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 51–84.
  • Colquitt, J. A., Greenberg, J., Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). What is organizational justice? A historical overview. J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 3–56). Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Cropanzano, R., Prehar, C. A., & Chen, P. Y. (2002). Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group and Organization Management, 27, 324–351.
  • Cross, S. E., & Madison, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construal and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5–37.
  • Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Stephens, C. (1989). An ethical weather report: Assessing the organization’s ethical climate. Organizational Dynamics, 18(2), 50–63.
  • Demircan, N. (2003). Örgütsel güvenin bir ara değişken olarak örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisi: Eğitim sektöründe bir uygulama (Doktora tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği (Malatya örneği). Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 209–230.
  • Fırat, A. S. (2003). Çevre etiği kavramı üzerine yeniden düşünmek. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(3), 105–144.
  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York, NY: Random House.
  • Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organizational justice and human resource management. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and the women’s movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Göle, N. (1993). Modern mahrem (4. basım). İstanbul: Metis.
  • Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399–432.
  • Greenberg, J., & Bies, R. J. (1992). Establishing the role of empirical studies of organizational justice in philosophical inquiries into business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5/6), 433–444.
  • Gürhan, N. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve din. E-Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(Kasım), 58–80.
  • İnce, M. ve Gül, H. (2005). Yönetimde yeni bir paradigma: Örgütsel bağlılık. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Irak, D. U. (2004). Örgütsel adalet: Ortaya çıkışı, kuramsal yaklaşımlar ve bugünkü durumu. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 7(13), 25–43.
  • İşbaşı, J. Ö. (2001). Çalışanların yöneticilerine duydukları güvenin ve örgütsel adalete ilişkin algılamalarının vatandaşlık davranışının oluşumundaki rolü. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 51–73.
  • Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue - Contingent Model. Academy of Management Review, 16, 366–395.
  • Kernan, M., & Hanges, P. (2002). Survivor reactions to reorganization: Antecedents and consequences of procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 916–928.
  • Lau, V. P., & Wong, Y. Y. (2009). Direct and multiplicative effects of ethical dispositions and ethical climates on personal justice norms: A virtue ethics perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, 279–294.
  • Lee, C., Pillutla, M., & Law, K. (2000). Power-distance, gender and organizational justice. Journal of Management, 26(4), 685–702.
  • Marshal, T. F. (1999). Restorative justice: An overview (A Report by the Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate).
  • Marshall, G. (1999). Sosyoloji sözlüğü (çev. O. Akınhay ve D. Kömürcü). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yay.
  • Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., & Greenbaum, R. L. (2010). Examining the link between ethical leadership and employee misconduct: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 7–16.
  • Mcdonald, G. (1999). Business ethics: Practical proposals for organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 19(April), 143–158.
  • Miller, D., & Lee, J. (2001). The people make the process. Journal of Management, 27(2), 163–189.
  • Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845–855.
  • Mueller, C. W., Iverson, R. D., & Jo, D. G. (1999). Justice evaluations in two cultural contexts: A comparison of the US and South Korea. Human Relations, 52, 869–893.
  • Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556.
  • Özen, J. (2002). Adalet kuramlarının gelişimi ve örgütsel adalet türleri. Hukuk Felsefesi ve Sosyolojisi Arşivi, 5, 107–117.
  • Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C. A., & Williams, E. S. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two- sample study. Journal of Management, 25(6), 897–933.
  • Qualls, W. J., & Puto, C. P. (1989). Organizational climate and decision framing: An integrated approach to analyzing industrial buying decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 26(May), 179–192.
  • Reidenbach, R. E., & Donald, R. P. (1990). Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 639–653.
  • Roald, A. S. (2001). Women in Islam: The Western experience. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Robertson, D. C., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (1993). Corporate institutionalization of ethics in the United States and Great Britain. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 301–312.
  • Scandura, T. A., & Ragins, B. R. (1993). The effects of sex and gender role orientation on mentorship in male-dominated occupations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43, 251–265.
  • Soutar, G., Mcneil, M. M., & Molster, C. (1994). The impact of the work environment on ethical decision making: Some Australian evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 327–339.
  • Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin, D. B. (1997). Process and outcome: Gender differences in the assessment of justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 83–98.
  • Tang, T. L., & Sarshfield-Baldwin, L. J. (1996). Distributive and procedural justice as related to satisfaction and commitment. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 61, 25–31.
  • Toker, İ. (2009). Eşitlik ve adalet kavramları çerçevesinde Müslüman kadınlarda toplumsal cinsiyet örüntüleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 142–165.
  • Trevino, L. K., & Waver, G. R. (2001). Organizational justice and ethics program follow-through: Influences on employees harmful and helpful behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 11(4), 651–671.
  • Tuna, M. (2013). Örgütsel adalet: Kamu ve özel sektör kuruluşlarında bir araştırma. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(8), 997–1023.
  • Van Den Bos, K., Lind, E. A., & Wilke, H. A. M. (2001). The psychology of procedural and distributive justice viewed from the perspective of fairness heuristic theory. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice (Vol. 2, pp. 29–66). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The organizational bases of ethical work climate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 101–125.
  • Wang, Y. D., & Hsieh, H. H. (2012). Toward a better understanding of the link between ethical climate and job satisfaction: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 535–545.
  • Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590–598.
  • Weaver, G. R. (1993). Corporate codes of ethics: Purpose, process and content issues. Business and Society 32, 1, 44-58.
  • Weaver, G. R., & Trevino, L. K., (2001). The role of human resources in ethics/compliance management: A fairness perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 113–134.
  • Zajac, G. (1996). Beyond Hammurabi: A public service definition of ethics failure. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6, 145–190.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nigar Demircan Çakar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Demircan Çakar, N. (2015). Gender-Based Perceptions of Organizational Justice: The Role of Ethical Climate. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 94-110.