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Taraftar Özdeşleşmesi ve Schadenfreude Üzerine Kuramsal Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 41 - 64, 31.12.2025
https://izlik.org/JA24YE76WA

Öz

Amaç: Araştırmada, taraftar özdeşleşmesi ve schadenfreude kavramları incelenerek, bu iki olgunun spor bağlamındaki kuramsal temelleri, psikososyal dinamikleri ve taraftar davranışları üzerindeki etkileri açıklanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, taraftarların takımlarıyla kurdukları özdeşleşme düzeyinin rakip takım başarısızlıklarından haz alma eğilimiyle nasıl bir ilişki içinde olduğunu ortaya koymayı ve iki kavram arasındaki etkileşime yönelik mevcut teorik yaklaşımları değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Araştırma kavramsal araştırma yöntemi çerçevesinde yürütülmüş olup, literatür taraması Google Scholar ve Ulusal Tez Merkezi üzerinden yapılan aramalar ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca Taylor & Francis ve ScienceDirect (Elsevier) platformları aracılığıyla erişilebilen makale ve tezler ile yayınevleri tarafından yayımlanmış kitaplarda da temel alınarak “taraftar”, “taraftar özdeşleşmesi”, “schadenfreude”, “sosyal kimlik” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak tarama gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: İncelemeler, taraftar özdeşleşmesinin sosyal kimlik süreçleriyle yakından ilişkili olduğunu ve özdeşleşme düzeyinin taraftar davranışlarını önemli ölçüde şekillendirdiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmalarda, takımına güçlü bağlarla bağlı taraftarların rakip takımın başarısızlıklarını daha olumlu değerlendirdiği ve bu durumun schadenfreude tepkilerini artırdığı belirtilmektedir. Ayrıca schadenfreudenin, sosyal karşılaştırma eğilimleri, rekabet algısı, kıskançlık, grup statüsünü koruma motivasyonu ve benlik değerini sürdürme ihtiyacı gibi çeşitli psikolojik mekanizmalarla açıklanabildiği görülmektedir. İncelenen kaynaklar, bu iki kavramın özellikle rekabet ve grup aidiyeti bağlamında birbirini besleyen yapılar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Sonuç: Literatürdeki kuramsal ifadeler, taraftar özdeşleşmesi ile schadenfreude kavramlarının spor ortamında birbirini etkileyen önemli psikolojik süreçler olarak ele alındığını göstermektedir. Araştırma, bu kavramların sporun etik ve fair-play değerleri açısından dikkatle değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda, taraftarların olumsuz yaklaşımlarına yönelik fair-play temelli eğitim programlarının yaygınlaştırılması ve kulüplerin sosyal sorumluluk odaklı uygulamalarının güçlendirilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Gelecekte yapılacak çalışmaların, farklı spor dallarında ve farklı taraftar profillerinde bu değişkenlerin nicel ve nitel bir anlayışla ele alınması literatüre önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

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  • Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H. & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of Management, 34(3), 325-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316059
  • Baş, M. (2008). Futbolda taraftar ve takım özdeşleşmesi (Trabzonspor örneği). Doktora tezi. Ordu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ordu.
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  • Cecconi, C., Poggi, I., & D’Errico, F. (2020). Schadenfreude: Malicious joy in social media İnteractions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558282
  • Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Stereotypes and schadenfreude: Affective and physiological markers of pleasure at outgroup misfortunes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611409245
  • Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Their pain, our pleasure: Stereotype content and schadenfreude. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1299(1), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12179
  • Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., & Smith, R.H. (2009). Politics, schadenfreude, and ingroup identification: The sometimes happy thing about a poor economy and death. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 635-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009
  • Çeliköz, E. (2025). Örgütsel sinizm, örgütsel özdeşleşme ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişki: oda ve borsa çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Dalakas, V., & Phillips-Melancon, J. (2012). Fan identification, schadenfreude toward hated rivals, and the mediating effects of importance of winning ındex (IWIN). Journal of Services Marketing, 26(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041211199724
  • Demirel, M., Karahan, B. G., & Ünlü, H. (2007). Farklı üniversitelerdeki spor taraftarlarının takımları ile özdeşleşme düzeyleri. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 76-86.
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A Theoretical Examination of Fan Identification and Schadenfreude

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 41 - 64, 31.12.2025
https://izlik.org/JA24YE76WA

Öz

Purpose: The study examines the concepts of fan identification and schadenfreude, explaining the theoretical foundations of these two phenomena in the context of sports, their psychosocial dynamics, and their effects on fan behavior. Accordingly, the study aims to reveal how the level of identification fans establish with their teams relates to their tendency to derive pleasure from the failures of rival teams and to evaluate existing theoretical approaches to the interaction between the two concepts.
Method: The research was conducted within the framework of the conceptual research method, and the literature review was carried out through searches on Google Scholar and the National Thesis Center. In addition, articles and theses accessible through the Taylor & Francis and ScienceDirect (Elsevier) platforms, as well as books published by publishing houses, were also used as a basis for the search using the keywords “fan,” “fan identification,” “schadenfreude,” and “social identity.”
Results: Studies show that fan identification is closely related to social identity processes and that the level of identification significantly shapes fan behavior. Research indicates that fans with strong ties to their team evaluate the failures of rival teams more positively, and that this increases schadenfreude reactions. Furthermore, schadenfreude can be explained by various psychological mechanisms such as social comparison tendencies, perception of competition, jealousy, motivation to protect group status, and the need to maintain self-worth. The sources examined reveal that these two concepts are mutually reinforcing structures, particularly in the context of competition and group identity.
Conclusion: Theoretical statements in the literature indicate that fan identification and schadenfreude are considered important psychological processes that influence each other in the sports environment. The research highlights the need for careful evaluation of these concepts in terms of the ethical and fair-play values of sports. In line with these findings, it is important to promote fair play-based education programs targeting negative fan attitudes and to strengthen clubs' socially responsible practices. Future studies that examine these variables quantitatively and qualitatively in different sports and with different fan profiles will make important contributions to the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Acet, M. (2001). Futbol seyircisini fanatik ve saldırgan olmaya yönelten sosyal faktörler. Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H. & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of Management, 34(3), 325-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316059
  • Baş, M. (2008). Futbolda taraftar ve takım özdeşleşmesi (Trabzonspor örneği). Doktora tezi. Ordu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ordu.
  • Belk, R., (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154
  • Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesive-ness in sport groups. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 213-226). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
  • Cecconi, C., Poggi, I., & D’Errico, F. (2020). Schadenfreude: Malicious joy in social media İnteractions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558282
  • Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Stereotypes and schadenfreude: Affective and physiological markers of pleasure at outgroup misfortunes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611409245
  • Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Their pain, our pleasure: Stereotype content and schadenfreude. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1299(1), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12179
  • Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., & Smith, R.H. (2009). Politics, schadenfreude, and ingroup identification: The sometimes happy thing about a poor economy and death. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 635-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009
  • Çeliköz, E. (2025). Örgütsel sinizm, örgütsel özdeşleşme ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişki: oda ve borsa çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Dalakas, V., & Phillips-Melancon, J. (2012). Fan identification, schadenfreude toward hated rivals, and the mediating effects of importance of winning ındex (IWIN). Journal of Services Marketing, 26(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041211199724
  • Demirel, M., Karahan, B. G., & Ünlü, H. (2007). Farklı üniversitelerdeki spor taraftarlarının takımları ile özdeşleşme düzeyleri. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 76-86.
  • Demirtaş, H. A. (2003). Sosyal kimlik kuramı, temel kavram ve varsayımlar.
  • Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrive Science Quarterly, 39, 239-263
  • Elkırmış, Ö. (2024). Spor yönetiminde schadenfreude (başkanının üzüntüsünden keyif alma duygusu) etkisi: Kavramsal bir inceleme. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 11(111), 1677-1682. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13864023
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Freedman, J. L., Sears, D. O., & Carlsmith, J. M. (2003). Sosyal Psikoloji. (Çev. A. Dönmez). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. Funk, D.C., & James, J. (2001). The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual’s Psychological Connection to Sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
  • Gautam, T., Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2004). Organizational identification and organizational commitment: Distinct aspects of two related concepts. Asian Journal of social psychology, 7(3), 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00150.x
  • Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Univ of California Press.
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  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., & Cemalcılar, Z. (2019). Dünden Bugüne İnsan ve İnsanlar. Evrim Yayınevi.
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  • Kazan, M. (2025). Futbol taraftarlarının kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk ve kurumsal itibar algısının takımla özdeşleşme düzeylerine etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Niğde
  • Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
  • Koç, A. F. (2020). Sadizm, narsizm, schadenfreude ve takım kimliği ilişkisi: Futbol taraftarları araştırması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Kreiner, G., & Ashfort B. E. (2004). Evidence toward an expanded model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.234
  • Larson, G. S., & Pepper, G. L. (2003). Strategies for managing multiple organizational identifications a case of competing identities. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 528-557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318903251626
  • Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second-and third-party out-groups. Emotion, 9(5), 659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016815
  • Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 923-943.
  • Lock, D., & Funk, D. (2016). The multiple in-group identity framework. Sport Management Review, 19(2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.001
  • Madrigal, R. (1995). Cognitive and affective determinants of fan satisfaction with sporting event attendance. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(3), 205-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1995.11949745
  • Madrigal, R. (2000). The influence of social alliances with sports teams on intentions to purchase corporate sponsors' products. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2000.10673621
  • Moisieiev, D., Dimitriu, R., & Jain, S. P. (2020). So happy for your loss: Consumer schadenfreude increases choice satisfaction. Psychology & Marketing, 37(11), 1525-1538. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21399
  • Murrell, A. J., & Dietz, B. (1992). Fan support of sport teams: The effect of a common group identity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.1.28
  • Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511571299
  • Öcalan, M. (2003). Sporda fanatizm: Futbol seyircileri üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma (Elazığ örneği). Doktora Tezi. Fırat Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Elazığ.
  • Öztürk, M. O., & Uluşahin, A. (2014). Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Peplak, J., Ali, S. Y., & Malti, T. (2020). Adolescents’ narratives of schadenfreude. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(3), 574-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12565
  • Puusa, A., & Tolvanen, U. (2006). Organizational identity and trust. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 11(2), 29-33.
  • Reade, C. (2001). Antecedents of organizational identification in multinational corporations: Fostering psychological attachment to the local subsidiary and the global organization. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(8), 1269-1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190110083794
  • Rehman-Khan, S. (2021). Different and better than you: The interplay between social identity, moral identity, and social comparison. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(5), 615-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2549
  • Sawada, M., & Hayama, D. (2012). Dispositional vengeance and anger on schadenfreude. Psychological Reports: Disability & Trauma, 111(1), 322-334. https://doi.org/10.2466/16.07.21.PR0.111.4.322-
  • Scott, C. R., Corman, S. R., & Cheney, G. (1998). Development of a structurational model of ıdentification in the organization. Communication Theory, 8(3), 298-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1998.tb00223.x
  • Smith G J., Petterson B., Williams T., & Hogg, J. (1981). A profile of the deeply committed sports fan. Arena Review, 5, 26-44.
  • Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 431.
  • Smith, R. H. (2000). Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons. In L. Wheeler & J. Suls (Eds.), Handbook of Social Comparison: Theory and Research. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Smith, R. H., Eyre, H. L., Powell, C. A., & Kim, S. H. (2006). Relativistic origins of emotional reactions to events happening to others and to ourselves. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X40987
  • Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A., Combs, D. J., & Schurtz, D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x
  • Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V. & Weston, C. M. (1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296222005
  • Stone, G. C., & Grusin, E. (1984). Network tv as the bad news bearer. Journalism Quarterly, 61(3), 517-592. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908406100306
  • Sutton, W. A., Mc Donald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/10616934970060010
  • Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation Between Social Groups. Studies in the Social Psychology ff Intergroup Relations. London, UK: Academic Press.
  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
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  • Tolan, B. (1991). Toplum Bilimlerine Giriş (3. Baskı). Adım Yayıncılık.
  • Tolman, E. C. (1943). Identification and the postwar world. The Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology, 38(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057497
  • Turner, J. (1987). Rediscovering The Social Group: A Self Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blakcwell.
  • Veldsman, T. H., & Veldsman, D. (2020). Critically problematising existing organisational identity theory against practice: Part 1–The thinking framework of organisational identity. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 46(1), 1-12.
  • Wakefield, K. (2007). Team Sports Marketing. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Wakefield, K. L., & Wann, D. L. (2006). An examination of dysfunctional sport fans: method of classification and relationships with problem behaviors. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 168‐86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2006.11950074
  • Wang, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Rochat, P. (2019). Schadenfreude deconstructed and reconstructed: A tripartite motivational model. New Ideas in Psychology, 52, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.09.002
  • Wann D. L., & Dolan T. J. (1994). Influence of spectators' identification on evaluation of the past, present, and future performance of a sports team. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 547-552. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.54
  • Wann, D. L. (1994). The ‘noble’ sports fan: The relationships between team identification, self-esteem, and Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(1), 1-17.
  • Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Influence level of identification with a group and physiologial arousal on percevied ıntergroup complexity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01060.x
  • Wann, D. L., & Schrader, M. P. (2000). Controllability and stability in the self-serving attributions of sport spectators. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140(2), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600455
  • Wann, D. L., Haynes, G., McLean, B., & Pullen, P. (2003). Sport team identification and willingness to consider anonymous acts of hostile aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 29(5), 406‐13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10046
  • Webster, J. M., Duvall, J., Gaines, L. M., & Smith, R. H. (2003). The role of praise and social comparison information in the experience of pride. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 209-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598441
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Faaliyetleri Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ünsal Altınışık 0000-0002-5078-294X

Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
IZ https://izlik.org/JA24YE76WA
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Altınışık, Ü. (2025). Taraftar Özdeşleşmesi ve Schadenfreude Üzerine Kuramsal Bir İnceleme. Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(4), 41-64. https://izlik.org/JA24YE76WA

Spor Bilimleri alanındaki çalışmaları içeren hakemli dergi olarak yayımlanan Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi'nin Eylül 2025'te çıkacak olan sayısı için dergimizin kapsamı dahilinde olan konularla ilgili özgün araştırma ve derleme türünde makaleler kabul edilecektir. Bu anlamda ilgili sayı için makaleler 2025 yılının Ağustos ayı sonuna kadar gönderilebilir.

Bilgilerinize sunulur.

Editör

Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Tarkan HAVADAR