Spor Alanında Bilişsel-Davranışçı Müdahaleler: Sporcularda BDT ve REBT Uygulamalarına Yönelik Derleme

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, sporcularda uygulanan bilişsel davranışçı terapi (BDT) temelli yaklaşımları, özellikle Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi (BDT) ve Akılcı Duygucu Davranışçı Terapi (REBT) uygulamalarını incelemek ve bu müdahalelerin sporcuların psikolojik ve performansla ilişkili sonuçları üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin mevcut kanıtları değerlendirmektir.

Yöntem: Bu sistematik derleme ve anlatı sentezi, PRISMA 2020 Bildirisi doğrultusunda yürütülmüş ve raporlanmıştır. Ocak 2016 ile Mart 2026 arasında yayımlanan çalışmalar için PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında elektronik tarama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Arama stratejisinde “cognitive behavioral therapy”, “CBT”, “rational emotive behavior therapy”, “REBT”, “athletes” ve “sport psychology” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmalar önceden belirlenmiş uygunluk kriterlerine göre seçilmiş ve çalışma seçim süreci PRISMA 2020 akış şeması kullanılarak sunulmuştur. Dahil edilen çalışmalar arasındaki örneklem, çalışma tasarımı, müdahale özellikleri, karşılaştırma koşulları, sonuç ölçütleri ve metodolojik kalite farklılıkları nedeniyle bulgular anlatı yöntemiyle sentezlenmiştir. Uygunluk kriterlerini karşılayan toplam 18 çalışma derlemeye dahil edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Dahil edilen çalışmalar, BDT ve REBT temelli yaklaşımların özellikle irrasyonel inançlar ve kaygı ile ilişkili değişkenlerde olumlu değişimler sağlayabileceğine ilişkin ön kanıtlar sunmuştur. Çalışmalardan bazılarında psikolojik beceriler, özgüven, stresle ilişkili değişkenler ve algılanan performans açısından da iyileşmeler bildirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, bulgular çalışma tasarımı, örneklem büyüklüğü, karşılaştırma koşulları, kullanılan ölçüm araçları ve metodolojik kalite açısından heterojenlik göstermiştir. Objektif sportif performansa ilişkin kanıtlar ise daha sınırlı ve heterojendir.

Sonuç: Mevcut kanıtlar, BDT ve REBT temelli yaklaşımların sporcularda bazı psikolojik sonuçların iyileştirilmesinde potansiyel yarar sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, küçük örneklemler, kontrolsüz veya tek-vaka tasarımlarının yaygınlığı, sınırlı takip süreleri ve objektif performans ölçümlerinin azlığı nedeniyle bu yaklaşımların genel etkinliği hakkında kesin bir sonuca varmak mümkün değildir. Daha büyük örneklemli, randomize kontrollü, uygun karşılaştırma grupları içeren, objektif performans ölçütlerini kullanan ve uzun dönemli takip sağlayan çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilişsel davranışçı terapi
• Spor psikolojisi
• Sporcular
• Performans kaygısı
• Psikolojik beceriler

Destekleyen Kurum

yoktur

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, mevcut literatürde yayımlanmış çalışmaların incelenmesine dayalı bir derleme çalışmasıdır. Araştırma sürecinde insan katılımcılardan, hayvanlardan veya kişisel verilerden herhangi bir veri toplanmamıştır. Bu nedenle etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir. Çalışmada bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği ilkelerine uyulmuş, yararlanılan tüm kaynaklara uygun şekilde atıf yapılmıştır.

Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions in Sports: A Review of CBT and REBT Applications in Athletes

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-based approaches applied to athletes, particularly Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and to evaluate the available evidence regarding their effects on athletes’ psychological and performance-related outcomes.

Method: This systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 Statement. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2016 and March 2026. The search strategy included the keywords “cognitive behavioral therapy,” “CBT,” “rational emotive behavior therapy,” “REBT,” “athletes,” and “sport psychology.” Studies were selected according to predefined eligibility criteria, and the study selection process was presented using a PRISMA 2020 flow diagram. Due to differences in sample characteristics, study designs, intervention characteristics, comparator conditions, outcome measures, and methodological quality, the findings were synthesized narratively. A total of 18 studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included in the review.

Results: The included studies provided preliminary evidence that CBT- and REBT-based approaches may produce positive changes in irrational beliefs and anxiety-related outcomes. Improvements in psychological skills, self-confidence, stress-related variables, and perceived performance were also reported in some studies. However, the findings were heterogeneous with regard to study design, sample size, comparator conditions, measurement instruments, and methodological quality. Evidence concerning objective athletic performance was more limited and heterogeneous.

Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that CBT- and REBT-based approaches may provide potential benefits for improving selected psychological outcomes among athletes. However, due to small sample sizes, the frequent use of uncontrolled or single-case designs, limited follow-up periods, and the limited use of objective performance measures, a firm conclusion regarding the overall effectiveness of these approaches cannot be drawn. Further research involving larger samples, randomized controlled designs, appropriate comparator groups, objective performance measures, and long-term follow-up is needed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Sport psychology
• Athletes
• Performance anxiety
• Psychological skills

Etik Beyan

This study is a review study based on the examination of previously published literature. No data were collected from human participants, animals, or personal records; therefore, ethical approval was not required. The principles of research and publication ethics were followed, and all sources used in the study were appropriately cited.

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