-

Öz

Many important changes were to be observed in the Russian Federation’s foreign policy in the period starting with the collapse of the Soviet Union especially since 2000’s with the Putin’s coming to power; those changes are mentioned as “Putinism”. Although the Russian foreign policy is still defined as pragmatic during the Putin’s rule period, it is ideologically constructed on the basis of the concept of “Sovereign Democracy” that is a new page in the post-Soviet identity construction process evolving from Antlantisisme to Eurasianisme. The intellectual debates on the “Sovereign Democracy” are introduced in the Russian foreign policy discourse essentially through the Russian Federation Foreign Policy Concept. The concept constitutes in the same time the source of loyalty of the Russian reelpolitik towards the West especially the USA and of the Russian anti-globalist policies. The aim of this paper is to analyze the intellectual, normative an conceptual dimensions of the “Sovereign Democracy” phenomena that could serve to conceive on the one hand the foreign policy practice of the Russian Federation and on the other hand its dialectical relationships with the West in the circumstances of globalization. The critical discourse analysis of the “Sovereign Democracy” could allow us to better understand the current state in the Russian foreign policy’s identity construction process. We will refer sometimes to the Russian reelpolitik in our study but the validity of this discourse will not be verified by the praxis. In this respect our research will be limited to the recent construction of the Russian foreign policy identity through the “Sovereign Democracy” discourse during the Putin’s rule period

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Russian foreign policy, Putinism, identity, sovereign democracy, critical discourse analysis

PUTİN İKTİDARI DÖNEMİNDE RUS DIŞ POLİTİKASININ NORMATİF TEMELLERİ: “EGEMEN DEMOKRASI” SÖYLEMİ

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılması ile başlayan süreçte Rusya Federasyonu’nun
izlediği dış politikada genelde Putin’in iktidara geldiği 2000’li
yıllardan başlayarak “Putinizm” kavramıyla adlandırılan bir değişim
gözlemlenmektedir. Rus dış politikası, her ne kadar Putin’in iktidar
döneminde “pragmatik” diye tanımlanmaktaysa da Atlantikçilikten
Avrasyacılığa evrilerek “Egemen Demokrasi” kavramı temelinde ideolojik
olarak yeniden bina edilmeye başlanmıştır. “Egemen Demokrasi”
ekseninde gerçekleşen entelektüel tartışmaların Rus dış politika söyleminde
yansımasını daha fazla Rusya Federasyonu Dış Politika Konsepti’nde
yerini bulduğunu ve Rusya’ nın reelpolitiğinde Batı, özellikle
ABD ve küreselleşme karşıtı politikaların meşruiyet kaynağını oluşturduğu
dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışmamızda, Rusya Federasyonu’nun
dış politika pratiğini bir yandan diğer yandan ise Batı ile ilişkilerini
kavramamızda yardımcı olacağı düşünülen “Egemen Demokrasi” kavramının
entelektüel ve konseptüel boyutları analiz edilecektir. “Egemen
Demokrasi” söyleminin analizi, Rus dış politikasının sosyolojik
olarak bina edildiği Rus kimliğinin inşa ve yeniden yapılandırılması
sürecinde güncel olarak gelinen noktadaki durumu da ontolojik olarak
kavramamızı sağlayacaktır. Çalışmada gerektiğinde sınırlı olarak
Rusya’nın reelpolitiğine başvurulacak bununla birlikte söz konusu
söylemin reelpolik ile doğrulanması söz konusu olmayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rus dış politikası, Putinizm, kimlik, egemen demokrasi, eleştirel söylem analizi

Kaynakça

1. ACHARD Pierre (1994). Dilsel Toplumbilim (tr. Deniz Kırımsoy) Que Sais-Je, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, France, İstanbul: İletişim Ya- yınları.
2. AMBROSIO Thomas (2009). Authoritarian Backlash: Russian Resistence to Democratization in the Former Soviet Union, Ashgate: Farnham & Bur- lington Publishing.
3. ARSUIKHIM, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 30 January 2007; Speech at the World Economic Forum”, 27 January 2007 www.medvedev2008.ru/english_ 2007_01_27.html (18.06.2014)
4. BABURIN, S. N. (2012). Russkii Konservatizm, kak chast sovremennoi politi- cheskoi kulturı, Moska: Knijnii Mir.
5. BARKIN J. Samuel (2010). Realist Constructivism, Rethinking International Relations Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. BARTOLINI S. (2005). Restructing Europe: Centre Formation, System Build- ing and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union, New York: Oxford University Press.
7. BEITANE Anna (2014). “The Evolution of Putin’s Regime”, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, 24 March, www. liia.lv/en/blogs/the-evolu- tion-of-putins-regime (11.09.2014)
8. BROOKS Stephen- William C. Wohlforth (2002). “American Primacy in Pers- pective”, Foreign Affairs, July-August, 81(4): 20-33.

9. BRUBAKER R.(1995). National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External Homelands in the New Europe, Daedalus, Spring (124/2): 107-132.
10. CASULA Philipp (2007). “Changing Discourses of National Identity and Inte- rests in East and West After Cold War”( Paper presented on the Section on “Cultural Plurality in IR Theory and IR Practice” at the 6th Pan-Eu- ropean Conference on International Relations in Turin, 12-15 Septem- ber).
11. CASULA Philipp (2014). “The Road to Crimea: Putin’s Foreign Policy Bet- ween Reason of State, Sovereignty and Bio-Politics” Russian Analytical Digest,148, 2 May 2014: 2-6.
12. CHRISTIANSEN T.- Knud Erik Jorgensen- Antje Wiener (1999). “The Social Construction of Europe”, Journal of European Public Policy, 6/4, Special Issue www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/9407226c-88b2-434b- bff0-e06056bf8156.pdf (24.10.2010)
13. DEDEOĞLU Beril (2008). Değişen Dünyada Yeni Dengeler, İstanbul: İlgi Kül- tür Sanat
14. DJIJK Van A.T.(1997). Discourse as a Structure and Process of Discourse Stu- dies: A Multidiciplinary Introduction, Vol I. London: SAGE Publications: 320-348.
15. EMERSON Michael (2012). “The European View of Putin’s Foreign and Se- curity Policy”, CEPS Commentary, 2 March www.ceps.eu (28.04.2012)
16. ENGLISH Robert D. (2000). Russia and the Idea of West, Ithaca: Cornell Uni- versity Press.
17. ERİŞEN E. (2010). Avrasya Konuşmaları, Medeniyet, Modernite, Kimlik, İs- tanbul: Küre Yayınları
18. GEE James Paul (2001). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis, Taylor & Francis, e-library
19. FRIEDMAN George (2012). “Consequences of the Fall of the Syrian Regime”, Stratfor Global Intelligence, July 24 www.stratfor.com/weekly/conse- quences (28.07.2012)
20. GÖKBERG Macit (1997). Değişen Dünya Değişen Dil, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları
21. GUILLAUME Xavier (2002). “Foreign Policy and the Politics of Alterity: A Dialogical Understanding of International Relations”, Millenium: Jour- nal of International Studies (31/1): 1-26.
22. HUCKIN Thomas – Jennifer Andrus – Jennifer Clary-Lemon (2012). “Critical Discourse Analysis and Rhetoric and Composition”, September, CC, (64: 1): 107-129.
23. IGUMNOVA Lyudmila (2011). “Russia’s Strategic Culture between American and European Worldviews”, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, (24): 253-273.
24. IL’IN I.A. (1992) Nashi Zadachi, Istoricheskaia sudba i buduchtee Rossii, Stat’i 1948-1954gg. (2) Moskva
25. KEYMAN E. Fuat (1997). “Eleştirel Düşünce: İletişim, Kimlik, Hegemonya, Kimlik/Fark” (der.) Atilla Eralp, Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Temel Yaklaşımlar, 2.Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
26. KLUCHEVSKII V.O. (2005). Russkaia İstoria. Polnıi kurs lektsii, (2) Moskva
27. KOCHETKOV V. V.(2009). “K Voprosu o Suverennoi Demokratii: Analiz Dis- kussii” (eds.) N. S Fedorkin- N. V. Karpova, Politicheskaia kul’tura sov- remennoi Rossii: sostoianie, problemıı, puti transformatsii, Materialı “kruglogo stola”, Moskva: Universitet ”knijnii dom”.
28. KOZYREV A. (1994). “The Lagging Partnership”, Foreign Affairs (73): 59-71.
29. KRASTEV Ivan (2007). “Russia vs Europe. The Sovereignty Was”, Open De- mocracy, 11 September, www.opendemocracy.net/article/globalisa- tion/institutions_government/russia_europe (25.11.2014)
30. KRASTEV Ivan (2006). “Sovereign Democracy, Russian-Style”, Open Democ- racy, 16 November www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-institu- tions_government/sovereign-democracy_4104.jsp (15.01.2015)
31. KRASTEV Ivan (2005). “Russia’s Post-Orange Empire” Opendemocracy.net, 20 October www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-ukraine/postorange _2947.jsp (15.01.2015)
32. LACLAU Ernesto (2005). On Populist Reason, London: Verso.
33. LEEUWEN Theo van (2008). Discourse and Practice, New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. LUKIN Alexander (2000). The Poliytical Culture of the Russian “Democrats”, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35. “US hegemony in world has ended”-Russia’s deputy security chief, July 02 2014, www.rt.com/politics/169860-us-hegemony-brics-russia (2.01. 2015)
36. MAKARYCHEV Andrey (2008). “Russia’s Search for International Identity Through the Sovereign Democracy Concept”, The International Specta- tor, June, (43/2): 42-63.
37. MALINOVA Olga -Philipp Casula (2010). “Political and National Identity in Russian Political Discourse” (eds.) André Lecours - Luis Moreno, Na- tionalism and Democracy, Dichotomies, Complementaries, Oppositions, Routledge Studies in Nationalism and Ethnicity, London-New York: Routledge: 170-184
38. MALINOVA Olga (2009). “Rossia i Zapad v XX veke: Transformatsia diskursa a kollektivnoi identichnosti”, ROSSPEN, Moskva.
39. Malinova, Olga (2013). “Russia’s Identity in International Relations: Images, Perceptions, Misperceptions”(ed.) Raymond Taras, The Power of Ima- ges and the Images of Power, , London, New York: Taylor and Francis Group: 73-95.
40. MANKOFF Jeffrey (2011). Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics, U.K.: Rowman&Littlefield Publichers.
41. MARCH Luke (2012). “Nationalism for Export? The Domestic and Foreign- Policy Implications of the New “Russian Idea”, Europe-Asia Studies, May, (64/3) 2012: 401-425.
42. MARTI’NOV Boris (2013). “Mnogopolyarnıiy ili Mnogotsivilizatsionnıy Mir”, Farid Zakaria, “Esli Demokratsia “Slchkom Neliberal’na”, To Eto Ne Demokratsia”, Mejdunarodnıye Protsessıi, Sentabr- Dekabr (11/ 3-4) www.intertrends.ru/twenty-first/012.htm (erişim tarihi 18.05.2014)
43. MELESHKINA Elena (2010). “Democratization in the Post-Soviet Countries of Eastern Europe and “Nationalizing” Politics”, (eds.) André Lecours - Luis Moreno, Nationalism and Ethnicity in Nationalism and Democracy, Dichotomies, Complementarities, Oppositions, New York: Routledge Stu- dies.
44. “Ministr Oborony Soobshil Innostrannym Jurnalistam chto Sushestvuet O- soboya Demokratia”, Newsru.com, 12 July 2004, www.newsru.com/ arch/russia/12ju2004/democracy.html. (28.09.2014)
45. MOROZOV Viatcheslav (2008). “Sovereignty and democracy in contempo- rary Russia: a modern subject faces the post-modern world”, Journal of International Relations and Development (11): 152-180 www.pal- grave-joıurnals.com/jird (13.04.2011)
46. MÜLLER Klaus (2010). “How culture shapes the post-communist trans- formations” www.emecon.eu/fileadmin/articles/1_2010/emecon%20 1_2010%20M%C3%BCller.pdf
47. OKARA Andrei (2007). “Sovereign Democracy: A New Russian Idea or a PR Project?”, Russia in Global Affairs, July-September, (5/3): 8-20.
48. OSIPOV I.D. (1996). Filosofia Russkogo Liberalizma, XIX- nachalo XX v., Snt. Peterburg: Izdatelstvo S. Petersburgskogo Universiteta
49. ÖKE Mim Kemal (2001). Küresel Toplum, Ankara: Avrasya Stratejik Araş- tırmalar Merkezi Yayınları
50. PEHE J. (2009). “Life Beyond Communism: Democracies without Democ- rats”, Transitions Online (10/13) Special Report
51. POLEGKYI Oleksii (2011). “Changes in Russian foreign policy discourse and concept of “Russian World”, PECOB’S Papers Series, October (16): 3-21.
52. POPESCU Nicu (2006). “Russia’s Soft Power Ambitions”, CEPS Policy Briefs (1/12): 1-3, www. ceeol.com (15.08.2014)
53. “Poslanie prezidenta RF Federalnomu Sobraniu”, 12 Dekabria 2013, www. er.ru/news/109471 (24.10.2014)
54. POTI Laszlo (2008). “Evolving Russian Foreign and Security Policy: Inter- preting the Putin Doctrine”, Acta Slavica Iaponica (25): 29-42, www. scr-hokudai-ac.jp/publictn/açta/25/poti.pdf (11.02.2014)
55. PRIZEL Ilya (1997). “Ukraine Between Proto- Democracy and “Soft” Autho- ritarism” (eds.) Karen Dawisha - Bruce Parrott, Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press: 330-369.
56. PULEIKYTE Kristina (2007). “Sovereign Democracy:democracy or sove- reignty?” Geopolitika, 27 Mars, www.geopolitica.lt/print.php?artc=677 (12.06.2014)
57. PUTIN Vladimir, “Address to the Federal Assembly” 25April, www.kremlin. ru/eng/speeches/2005/04/2031_type82912_87086.shtml. (14.07.20- 11)
58. PUTIN Vladimir (2012). “Russia and the Changing World”, Moskovskie No- vosti, translated by RIA Novosti, 02/27/2012, www.russiaprofile.org /politics/549998.html (05.09.2014)
59. PUTIN Vladimir (2000). Associated Press, 26 Mars
60. PUTIN Vladimir (2003). Poslanie Federalnomu Sobraniyu Rossijskoi Fede- ratsii, 16 Mai www.kremlin.ru/appears/2003/05/16/1259_ type6337 4_44623.shtml (22.08.2014)
61. PUTIN Vladimir (2007). ”Speach at the 43.rd Munich Conference on Se- curity Policy”, 2 October www.wakeupfromyourslumber.com/node/ 646 (14.02.2014)
62. RAE H. (2002). State Identities and the Homogenization of People, Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. RICE Condoleeza (2009). “Promoting the National Interest in Foreign Af- fairs, 79/1”, (eds.) Steven Rosefielde - Stefan Hedlund, Russia Since 1980: 45-62, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Rusya Federasyonu Dış Politika Konsepti 2008, www.mid.ru/bdomp/nsf/ e2289bea62097f9c325787a0034c255/c325 (18.03.2014)
65. RYZHKOV Vladimir (2005). “Sovereign Democracy and Usurper State”, The Moscow Times, 16 August 2005
66. SACCETTI Fabianna (2008). ”New Realism” and “Sovereign Democracy”: Russia’s Foreign Policy Under Putin’s Presidency, Lucca, 25 January
67. Sakha News, Surkov: “U nas golova ne gnilaaya….” www.1sn.ru/77549.html (6/14/ 2013)
68. SAKWA Richard (2011). “Russia’s Identity: Between the “Domestic” and the “International”, Europe-Asia Studies, August, (63/6): 957-975.
69. “Sergei Ivanov Vydvinul Kontseptsiiu Natsional’noi Idei Rossii”, 13 July 2006 www. Km.ru (18.07.2014)
70. SONTAG Ray (2013). “The End of Sovereign Democracy in Russia: What Was It, Why Did It Fail, What Comes Next and What Should the United States Think of This?” Center on Global Interests Rising Experts Task Force Working Paper, July 3 http://www.globalinterests.org/wp-con- tent/uploads/2013/06/The-End-of-Sovereign-Democracy-in- Russia.pdf
71. SURKOV Vladislav (2006). “Natsionalizatsia Budushego”, Ekspert, 20 June, (43/537) www.expert.ru/expert/2006/43/natsionalizaciya_budush- chego (19.04.2012)
72. TORFING Jacob (1999). New Theories of Discourse: Laclau, Mouffe and Zizek, Oxford: Blackwell
73. TORKUNOV Anatolii (2013). “Rossiiskaya Model i Sovremennoe Global’noe Upravlenie”, Mejdunarodnıe Protsessıi, Sentyabr-Dekabr, (11/3-4) www.intertrends.ru/tenth/002.html (02.12.2014)
74. TRENIN Dmitrii (2007). “Russia Redefines Itself and its Relations with the West”, The Washington Quarterly (30/2): 95-105.
75. TSYGANKOV Andrei P. (2013). Russia’s Foreign Policy, Lanhan: Rowman & Littefield.
76. TUTCHEV F.I.(1997). “Rossia i revolutsia” in V poiskah svoih puti: Rossia mejdu Evropoi i Aziei, 2. İzd., Moskva.
77. UMLAND Andreas (2012). “The Sources and Risks of Russia’s White Revo- lution” www.geopolitika.lt/print.php?artc=5114 (12.06.2014)
78. “Vaprosıı Putinu Plan Putina v 60 voprosah i otvetah” (2007) Sbornik, sost: Pavlovskıı G. O, Bııkova V. A, , Moskva : Izdatelstvo Evropa
79. WALTERS William (2002). “The Power of Inscription: Beyond Social Const- ruction and Deconstruction in European Integration Studies”, Milleni- um: Journal of International Studies, (31/1) LSE Publication : 83-108.
80. WENDT Alexander (2012). Uluslararası Siyasetin Sosyal Teorisi (tr. Helin Sarı Ertem -Suna G.I. Öner) İstanbul: Küre Yayınları
81. WILLERTON John P. -Patrick J. Mc Govern (2012). “The State and Sove- reignty: “Democracy Building”, Russian Style”, www.wpsa.reaserch. pdx.edu/meet/2012/willerton.pdf (erişim tarihi 22.12.2014)
82. ZASLAVSKAYA Tatyana (2002). “Sotsietalnaia transformatsia rossiiskogo obchtestva”, Deyatelno- strukturnaia konferentsia, Moskovskae Delo.
83. ZEVELEWV Igor (2009). “Russia’s Future: Nation or Civilization?”, Russia in Global Affairs October-December(4) www. eng.globalaffairs.ru/print/ number/n_14246 (erişim tarihi 26.12.2014)
84. ZHIRINIVSKY Vladimir(2008). “The Country is Living by Concepts, Which is Not Always Bad”, Russian Politics and Law, September-October, (46/5): 60-66.