NEBATİ KRALLIĞI’NIN EKONOMİK DÜZENİ VE MALİ YAPISI

Öz

Bu makale, Antik Çağ’da Arap Yarımadası ve Akdeniz dünyasının kesişim noktasında Ürdün’ün Edomi bölgesinde hüküm süren Nebatî Krallığı’nın ekonomik düzenini, tarihsel kökenleri ve ticaret ağları bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nebatîler, kıt kaynakları yönetmeye dayalı bir ekonomi sistemi kurarak kısa sürede geniş bir coğrafyada ekonomik hâkimiyet kurmuşlar ve bölgesel bir güç haline gelmişlerdir. Göçebe kökenli bir toplum olan Nebatîler, zamanla yerleşik hayata geçerek ticaret yolları üzerinde stratejik bir güç konumuna gelmişlerdir. Nebatîler ekonomik düzenlerini, ileri düzey hidrolik mühendisliği, lojistik ağlar ve gelişmiş bir mali yapıdan oluşan çok katmanlı bir sistem üzerine inşa etmişlerdir. Çöl coğrafyasının zorluklarını barajlar, sarnıçlar ve teraslı tarım sistemlerinden oluşan su yönetimi teknikleriyle aşmışlardır. Bu sistemle, yağmur suyunu tarımsal üretimde kullanmışlar ve bu sayede buğday, arpa, hurma, zeytin, üzüm gibi ürünler yetiştirerek temel gıda güvenliğini sağlayan sürdürülebilir bir sistem geliştirmişlerdir. Bu tarımsal üretim sistemi, Güney Arabistan’dan gelen tütsü, mür ve baharat gibi lüks malları Akdeniz dünyasına taşıyarak elde ettikleri ticari gelirler ile birleşerek krallığı zenginleştirmiştir. Petra, Hegra ve Negev gibi önemli lojistik merkezler aracılığıyla yönetilen bu ticaret ağı sayesinde kervanlardan alınan vergiler önemli bir kamu geliri olmuştur. MS 106 yılında Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından ilhak edilmelerine rağmen Nebatîlerin geliştirdiği sistemler varlığını koruyarak bölgesel ekonomik sürekliliğin temel taşını oluşturmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nebatîler
• Antik Tarım
• Uluslararası Ticaret

THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE NABOTIANS

Öz

This article aims to examine the economic system of the Nabataeans, who ruled the Edom region of Jordan at the intersection of the Arabian Peninsula and the Mediterranean world in the Ancient Age, within the context of their historical origins and trade networks. The Nabataean Kingdom established an economic system based on managing scarce resources, quickly establishing economic dominance across a vast geography and becoming a regional power. Originally a nomadic society, the Nabataeans gradually transitioned to a settled lifestyle, becoming a strategic power along trade routes. The Nabataeans built their economic order on a multi-layered system consisting of advanced hydraulic engineering, logistics networks, and a sophisticated financial structure. They overcame the challenges of the desert landscape with water management techniques consisting of dams, cisterns, and terraced farming systems. Using this system, they utilized rainwater for agricultural production and developed a sustainable system that ensured basic food security by growing crops such as wheat, barley, dates, olives, and grapes. This agricultural production system, combined with the commercial revenues obtained by transporting luxury goods such as incense, myrrh, and spices from South Arabia to the Mediterranean world, enriched the kingdom. Thanks to this trade network, managed through important logistics centers such as Petra, Hegra, and Negev, taxes collected from caravans became a significant source of public revenue. Despite being annexed by the Roman Empire in 106 AD, the systems developed by the Nabataeans continued to exist, forming the cornerstone of regional economic continuity

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nabataeans
• Ancient Agriculture
• International Trade

Kaynakça

1. ABBADİ, S. (1996). Die Personennamen der Inschriften aus Hatra. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildes-heim.
2. ACCETTOLA, A. J. (2012). The Nabataean trade nation: the public and private cultures of the Na-bataean Kingdom (Doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences).
3. AĞIRAKÇA, A. (2006). Nabatîler. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), (32), 257-258.
4. AL-SALAMEEN, Z. M. M. (2004). Nabataean Economy in the Light of Archaeological Evidence (Doctoral dissertation, University of Manchester).
5. AL-SALAMEEN, Z. (2005). Nabataean wine-presses from Bayda, southern Jordan. ARAM Periodi-cal, 17, 115-127.
6. BOWERSOCK, G. W. (1994). Roman Arabia. Harvard University Press.
7. BROSHİ, M., (1980). The population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 236, 1-10.
8. CASSON, L. (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraci: Texts with Introduction, Translations and Com-mentary. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

9. DENTZER, J.M. (2010). Espaces et communautés de culte dans le royaume nabatéen: sanctuaires rupestres et circulations rituelles à Pétra (Jordanie) et à Hégra (Arabie). Publications de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 21(1), 161-212.
10. ERİCKSON-Gini, T. (2012). Nabataean Agriculture: Myth and Reality. Journal of Arid Environ-ments, 86, 50-54.
11. FİEMA, Z. T. (2003). Roman Petra (A.D. 106–363): A Neglected Subject. Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina- Vereins (1953-), 119(1), 38–58. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27931711
12. FRADLEY, M., Wilson, A., Finlayson, B., Bewley, R. (2023). A lost campaign? New evidence of Roman temporary camps in northern Arabia. Antiquity, 97(393), e15.
13. GİBSON, D. (2003). The Nabataeans: Builders of Petra. Osler, SK, Canada: CanBooks.
14. GRAF, D. F. (1990). The origin of the Nabataeans. Aram Periodical, 2(1–2), 45–75.
15. GRAF, D. F. (2006). The Nabateans in the early Hellenistic period: The testimony of Posidippus of Pella. Topoi. Orient-Occident, 14(1), 47-68.
16. HEALEY, J. F. (1993). The Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions of Mada’in Salih. Oxford University Press.
17. HEALEY, J. F. (2001). The Religion of the Nabateans: A Conspectus (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 136). E. J. Brill, Leiden.
18. KEDAR, Y., (1967). Ancient Agriculture in the Negev Mountains.
19. KOUKİ, P. (2009). Archaeological Evidence of Land Tenure in the Petra Region, Jordan: Nabata-ean-Early Roman to Late Byzantine. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 22(1).
20. LİPHSCHİTZ, N., Lev-Yadun, S., (1989). The Botanical Remains from Masada: identification of the plant species and the possible origin of the remnants. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 274, 27-32
21. MAYERSON, P. (1985). The wine and vineyards of Gaza in the Byzantine Period. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 257 (1), 75-80.
22. MİLİK, J. T. (2003). Nabatéenne archaïque. J. Dentzer-Feydy, J.-M. Dentzer ve P.-M. Blanc (ed.), Hauran II. Les enstalations de St 8. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 164. Bey-rut: IFAPO.
23. NEGEV, A., (1988). The Architecture of Mampsis. Final Report. Vol. I. The Middle and Late Naba-tean Periods. Qedem 26. Jerusalem.
24. OLESON, J. P. (2004). Nabataean Water Supply Systems: Appropriateness, Design, and Evolution. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 9, 167-74.
25. PARR, P. J. (1960). Excavations at Petra, 1958–59. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 92(2), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1960.92.2.124
26. PLİNY, G. P. S. (1968). Natural History (Rackham, H. Çev.), Cambridge: Harvard University.
27. POLANYİ, K. (1957). The Great Transformation “The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time”. Beacon Press.
28. SCHMİD, S. G. (2009). Nabataean royal propaganda: a response to Herod and Augustus?. In Herod and Augustus ( 325-360). Brill.
29. SİDEBOTHAM, S. E. (2011). Berenike and the ancient maritime spice route. University of Califor-nia Press.
30. WENNİNG, R. (2007). The Social-cultural Impact of Trade Relations: The Case of The Nabataeans. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 9, 299-305.
31. WİNNETT, F. (1957). Safaitic Inscriptions from Jordan. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.