Rus Doğal Gazı ve Ham Petrolünün Jeopolitiği

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 26, 1 - 16, 01.06.2010

İdris Demir

Öz

That Russian economy and policy have experienced a form of a decline in both regional and international affairs after the demise of the Soviet Union is a fact. Huge budget deficit in one hand and the loss of political influence in particularly the near abroad have put Russia in a difficult position. It is the geopolitics of energy resources that Russia posses that has provided the opportunity for Russia to come over this difficult situation. Ownership of immense crude oil and natural gas reserves and the dominance over the control of the transportation routes have been very influential in the revival of Russian economy and politics in both regional and global scale. Moreover, Russia has proven to be willing and active in making use of her energy sources and transportation routes as a tool in her foreign policy. Russia has found an opportunity to assert her strength and influence upon the relevant states by the successful use of energy geopolitics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia, pipeline, energy, geopolitics

Geopolitics of Russıan Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından Rus ekonomisi ve politikasının hem bölgesel hem de uluslararası ilişkilerde bir gerileme yaşadığı bir gerçektir. Büyük bütçe açıkları bir taraftan, yakın coğrafyası üzerinde kaybettiği siyasi etkisi diğer taraftan, Rusya’yı zor bir durumda bırakmıştır. Rusya’nın sahip olduğu enerji kaynaklarının jeopolitiği bu zor durumun üstesinden gelmesi için bir fırsat oluşturmuştur. Sahip olduğu muazzam ham petrol ve doğal gaz rezervleri ile nakliye güzergahları üzerindeki baskınlığı ve kontrolü, Rus ekonomisi ve politikasının hem bölgesel hem de küresel ölçekte yeniden doğmasına yol açmıştır. Buna ilaveten, Rusya sahip olduğu eneji kaynaklarını ve nakliye güzergahlarını dış politikasında bir araç olarak kullanmaya istekli ve muktedir olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Rusya, enerji geopolitiğini başarılı bir şekilde kullanarak, ilgili ülkeler üzerindeki gücü ve etkisini arttırmak için bir fırsat bulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya, boru hattı, enerji, jeopolitika

Kaynakça

• ARIBOĞAN Deniz Ülke and Mert Bilgin, “New Energy Order Politics Neopo- litics: From Geopolitics to Energeopolitics”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 5, No. 20, 2009.
• BAHGAT Gawdat, “Oil Security at the Turn of the Century: Economic and Strategic Implications”, International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 6, 1999.
• BAHGAT Gawdat, “The New Geopolitics of Oil: The United States, Saudi Ara- bia and Russia”, Orbis, Summer 2003.
• BELGRAVE Robert, “The Uncertainity of Energy Supplies in a Geopolitical Perspective”, International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 2, 1985.
• BİLGİN Mert, “Fosil, Yenilenebilir ve Nükleer Yakıtların Neopolitik Anlamı- Türkiye’nin Durumu ve Gelecek Alternatifleri”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 5, No. 20, 2009.
• BİLGİN Mert, “Geopolitics of European Natural Gas Demand: Supplies from Russia, Caspian and the Middle East”, Energy Policy, Vol. 37, 2009.
• CAISER Tom, “Putins’ Policy Towards the West: Reflections on the Nature of the Russian Foreign Policy”, International Politics, Vol. 43, 2006.
• CLARE Michael, “The Geopolitics of Natural Gas”, The Nation, January 23, 2006.
• CORRELJE Aad and Coby Van Der Linde, “Energy Supply Security and Geo- politics: A European Perspective”, Energy Policy, Vol. 34, 2006.
• DEY Prasanta Kumar, “Oil Pipelines”, Encyclopedia of Energy Volume 4, Ed. Cutler Cleveland, (California: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004).
• DHAKA Ambrish, “The Geopolitics of Energy Security and the Response to its Challanges by India and Germany”, Geopolitics, Vol. 14, 2009.
• Energy Information Administration, Russia Energy Data, Statistics and Anal- ysis- Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal, 27 May 2008.
• FINON Dominique and Catherine Locatelli, “Russian and European Gas In- terdependence: Could Contractual Trade Channel Geopolitics?”, Energy Policy, Vol. 36, 2008.
• FLETCHER Sam, “US-Russia Oil Supply Ties Deepen with Cargo to Texas”, Oil and Gas Journal, August 5, 2002.
• GOLDMAN Steven and Wayne Schroeder, “The Geopolitics of Energy”, Policy Review, Vol. 17, 1985.
• HAGAN Charles, “Geopolitics”, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1960.
• International Energy Agency, Russia Energy Survey, (Paris: IEA, 2002).
• JAFFE Amy Myers and Robert Maning, “The Myth of the Caspian Great Game: The Real Geopolitics of Energy”, Survival, Vol. 40, No. 4, 1998– 99.
• JAFFE Amy Myers, “Geopolitics of Energy”, Encyclopedia of Energy Volume 2, Ed. Cutler Cleveland, (California: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004).
• KILIÇ A, “Turkeys’ Natural Gas Necessity, Consumption and Future Perspec- tives”, Energy Policy, Vol. 34, 2006.
• KIM Younkyoo and Guho Eom, “The Geopolitics of Caspian Oil: Rivalries of the US,Russia and Turkey in the South Caucasus”, Global Economic Re- view, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2008.
• KOHL Wilfrid, “National Security and Energy”, Encyclopedia of Energy Vo- lume 4, Ed. Cutler Cleveland, (California: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004).
• KRISTOF Ladis, “The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1960.
• LE COQ Chole and Elena Paltseva, “Measuring the Security of External Ener- gy Supply in the European Union”, Energy Policy, Vol. 37, 2009.
• MANE-ESTRADA Aurelia, “European Energy Security: Towards the Creation of the Geo-Energy Space”, Energy Policy, Vol. 34, 2006.
• MORSE Edward and James Richard, “The Battle for Energy Dominance”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 2, 2002.
• OHARA S, “Great Game or Grubby Game? The Struggle for the Control of the Caspian”, Geopolitics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2004.
• PRIANI Simon, Jonathan Stern and Katja Yafimava, “The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Assesment”, Oxford In- stitute for Energy Studies NG 27, Februaray 2009.
• RABINOWITZ Philip et. al., “Geology, Oil and Gas Potential , Pipelines and the Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea Region”, Ocean Development and In- ternational Law, Vol. 35, 2004.
• SAGHEB Nasser and Masoud Javadi, “Azerbaijans’ Contract of the Century”, Azerbaijan International, Winter 1994.
• SAIVETZ Carol, “Tangled Pipelines: Turkeys’ Role in Energy Export Plans”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2009.
• SCHAFFER Marvin Baker, “Speculations About Geopolitics in the 21st Sen- tury”, Futures, Vol. 30, No. 5, 1998.
• TAYLOR Bertie, “Geopolitics Driving the Future of Energy”, Oil and Gas In- vestor, 24 October 2005.
• TYKKYLAINEN Markku, “North-West Russia as a Gateway in Russian Ener- gy Geopolitics, Fennia, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2003.
• WINROW Gareth, “Geopolitics and Energy Security in the Wider Black Sea Region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2007.
• WOOD David, “Russia Seeks Global Influence by Exploiting Energy Geopolit- ics”, Oil and Gas Journal, 12 February 2007.