A Foreign Policy from the Black Sea to the Middle East: Relations between Russia and Syria
Yıl 2007,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 15, 69 - 91, 01.05.2007
Bilal Karabulut
Öz
The basic aim of this study is examining why does a country whose region is Black Sea established very closed relations with another regions country in the axis of Syria-Russia relations. This case shows us a powerfull country which wants to be maintains her power in her region should be in relationship with another regions countries. Syria-Russia relations changed marginally after Cold War. In this context the study has two parts for showing this transformation process. In the first part of study Syria-Russia relations in the Cold War era will be examined. In the second part of study Syria-Russia relations after Cold War will be examined.
Kaynakça
- ANTONENKO, Oksana, “Russia's Military Involvement in the Middle East”, Middle Bart Review of International AŞair: MERMİ), Volume:5, No:1, March 2001.
- ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 20. Yiişgnl Saari Tarihi (Cilt 7-2 1914-7995), İstanbul: Alkım Yayı— nevi, 1996. '
- AYHAN, Veysel, Liihnan, S art)/e ne İrrail İli,;kileiini Belirlgıen Dinamikler: Bir Ile—Dz; Politika Bağlanthnah'şğ, Bursa: Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2002.
- BECKER, Abraham S., “A Note on Soviet Arms Transfers to the İVIiddle East”, Ed. Steven L. Spiegel, Mark A. Heller and Jacob Goldberg, The SonietAme-rican Competition in The Middle East, USA: D.C Heath and Company, 1988.
- BİLGE, Suat, Milletlerarası Politika, Ankara: A.Ü.S.B.F. Yayınları, 1966.
- ÇETİNKAYA, Nürza, “Asıl Kavga Moskova—Washington Cephesinde”, Zaman, 21 Şubat 2005.
- DAVUTOĞLU, Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2001.
- DAWİSHA, Karen, “Moscow‘s Moves In The Direction Of The Gulf—So Near And Yet So Far”, fonrnal ofIntemationalAj'aire, Vol: 34, Fall SO/W’inter 81. DICKEY, Christopher, “Assad And His Allies: Irreconcilable Differences?”, Foreign AŞire, Vol: 66, Fall-87. _ ELMUAYETA, Salih Lafı, “Şam İçin Hâlâ Geç Değil”, Radikal 18 Mart 2005.
- EL—TAWİL, Hosam, “The United States and the Arab World After the Gulf Crisis”, Ed. Dan Tschirgi,Arah World Today, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.
- FETTWEIS, Christopher ]., “Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics and Policymaking in The 21 st Century”, Parametere: US Ann} War College Review, 00311723, Vol.30, Issuez2, Summer-2000. '
- FREEDMAN, Robert 0., Moscow and the Middle Eait —Sooiet Polity Since the Invasion of Ajfghanirtaw, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- FUKUYAMA, Francis, “Soviet Military Power in the Mddle East; or, Whatever Became of Power Projection?”, Ed. Steven L. Spiegel, Mark A. Heller and Jacob Goldberg, The Soviet-American Competition in The Middle Earl, USA: D.C Heath and Company, 1988.
- GAFUR, Mecid, HaŞz Brod Demme" Türkiyewfwye İli;kileri, Ankara: Yaymlanmamlş Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2002.
- GERGES, Fawaz A., The Superpower: and Middle Earl—Repiwıal ahd Iatematieaal Pah'iirr 1967, USA: Westview Press, 1994.
- GOLAN, Galia, “Gorbachev’s Middle East Strategy”, Ed. George W. Breslauer, Sooiet Strategy ia the Middle East, USA: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
- GUILE, Dany Shoham, “Gas and Germs: Syria's Ultimate Weapons”, Middle Bart ,Qiiorterji, Volume: IX, Number: 3, Summer 2002.
- HOWARD, Harry N., “The Soviet Union in Lebanon Syria and Jordan”, Ed..lvo J. LEDERER and Wayne S. VUCINICH, The Sai/ie Union and the Middle East,- the port- World War Hera, USA: Hoover Institution Press, 1974.
- JENTLESON, Bruce W., “The Lebanon War and the Soviet—American Competition: Scope and Limits of Superpower Influence”, Ed. Steven L. Spiegel, Mark A. Heller and Jacob Goldberg, The Sow'et—Ameriran Competition in The Middle Edit, USA: D.C Heath and Company, 1988.
- KAPLAN, Mervan, “Şam Hâlâ Kendini Kurtarabilir”, Radikal, 2 Mart 2005.
- KISSINGER, Henry, Yeari efRenewal, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999.
- LUCAS, Ivor, “The Pradox of Syria”, Adan Ajain, Volume: 25, Number: 1, March MANAZ, Abdullah, “Dünden Bugüne Suriye”. http: / /Www.stradigma.corn/turkee/kasim2003 /makale_05.html
- MCLAURIN, R.D., Don Peretz and Lewis W. Snider, Middle East Foreign Poh'gJ —T.F.fş8.f and Premıer-, USA: Praeger Publishers, 1982.
- NIEYER, Henry, “Syria, Russia to Restore Soviet-era Ties”, 25 Ocak 2005. http://www.middle—east—online.com/english/ syria/Pid=12517
- NAUIVEKIN, Vitaly, “Russia, the CIS and the Arab World After the Gulf Crisis”, Ed. Dan Tschirgi, Arah World Today, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.
- NEUIVLANN, Robert G., “Assad and the Future of the Middle East”, Foreign Aferin, Vol: 62, Winter83/84. OWENS, Mackubin Thomas, “In Defense of Classical Geopolitics”, Nam War College Remer/, Vol.52, Issue:4, Autumn—1999.
- PERETZ, Don, The Middle East Today, USA: Praeger Publishers, 1983.
- PERTHES, Volker, “Si Vis Stabilitatem, Para Bellurn: State Building, National Security and War Preparation in Syria”, Ed. Steven Heydemann, War, Institutions and Social Change if: the Middle Bart, California: University of California Press, 2000.
- PIPES, Daniel, “Syria: The Cuba of the Middle East?”, Cemre,/amma, july-1986: http: //www.danielpipes.org/article/170
- RAM, Ginat, “The Soviet Union and The Syrian Ba‘th Regime: From Hesitation to Rapprochement’ ’, Middle Harlem Studies, Vol: 36, April 2000.
- SANDER, Oral, 59m; Tm‘o (1913-1994), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2001.
- ŞEKER, Kadir, Surya Dey/ati’nin Orîqya Çz/eaşı ye Bugünki? Durumu, Isparta: Yayınlanma- mış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1996.
- ŞEN, Sabahattin, Sanığa Baa: Partiyi ve İdealajifi (Tarihi ve .S' 091a] Temel/len], İstanbul: Yayin— lanmamış Doktora Tezi, 1999.
- SHAD, Tahir I., Steven Boucher and Jennifer Gray Reddish, “Syrian Foreign Policy In The Post-Soviet Era”, Arab Smdı'eegnmîerğı, Vol. 17, \Winter/ Spring 95. “SyrianîSoviet Relations”. http: / / www.exploitz.com/ Syria-Syriansoviet—Relations— ' tıg-php TSCHIRGI, Dan, “The Arab World and the Rest of the World”, Ed. Dan Tschirgi, Arab World Today, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.
- VATIKIOTIS, P. ]., c'The Politics of the Fertile Crescent”, Ed. Paul Y. HAMİVIOND and Sidney S. ALEXANDER, Political Dynamite in the Middle Eger, Elsevier Publishers, New York, 1972.
- YAPP, M. E., The Near East Since The First World War —A Hiring; te 1995-, England:
- Pearson Education Limited, 1996.
- YAVUZ, Celalettin, Geçmişten Geleceğe Suny-Türkiye İlişkileri, Ankara: Ankara Ticaret Odası Yayınları, 2005.
- ZISSER, Eyal, “The Syrian Army: Between the Domestic and the External Fronts” , Middle Em Renew afIntemationalAjEJm MERM), Volume:5, No:1, March 2001. GAZETELER Akşam Radikal Zaman INTERNET ADRESLERİ http: / /WW\v.rniddle-east-on1ine.com/ english / syria/ ?id: 1 25 1 7 http: / /Www.exploitz.com/ Syria—Syriansoviet—Relations-cg.php http: / / lcweb2.loc.gov/ frd/ cs / sytoc.h'r_ml http'./ /WWW.danielpipes.org/article/ 170 http: / /countqrsmdies.us/ syria/68.htm
Karadeniz'den Ortadoğu'ya Uzanan Bir Dış Politika: Geçmişten Günümüze Suriye-Rusya İlişkileri
Yıl 2007,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 15, 69 - 91, 01.05.2007
Bilal Karabulut
Öz
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Karadeniz havzasında yer alan bir ülkenin kendi coğrafi alanı dışındaki bir başka ülke ile neden çok yakın ilişkiler kurduğunu Suriye-Rusya iliş-kileri ekseninde irdelemektir. Bu durum güçlü bir devletin kendi coğrafyasında gücünü devam ettirebilmesi için başka bölgelerdeki ülkelerle de ilişki içinde olması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Suriye-Rusya ilişkileri Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde marjinal bir biçimde değişmiştir. Bu bağlamda bu değişim sürecini ortaya koymak adına çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Soğuk Savaş döneminde Suriye-SSCB ilişkileri irdelenecek-tir. İkinci bölümde ise Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde Suriye-Rusya ilişkileri ele alınacaktır.
Kaynakça
- ANTONENKO, Oksana, “Russia's Military Involvement in the Middle East”, Middle Bart Review of International AŞair: MERMİ), Volume:5, No:1, March 2001.
- ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 20. Yiişgnl Saari Tarihi (Cilt 7-2 1914-7995), İstanbul: Alkım Yayı— nevi, 1996. '
- AYHAN, Veysel, Liihnan, S art)/e ne İrrail İli,;kileiini Belirlgıen Dinamikler: Bir Ile—Dz; Politika Bağlanthnah'şğ, Bursa: Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2002.
- BECKER, Abraham S., “A Note on Soviet Arms Transfers to the İVIiddle East”, Ed. Steven L. Spiegel, Mark A. Heller and Jacob Goldberg, The SonietAme-rican Competition in The Middle East, USA: D.C Heath and Company, 1988.
- BİLGE, Suat, Milletlerarası Politika, Ankara: A.Ü.S.B.F. Yayınları, 1966.
- ÇETİNKAYA, Nürza, “Asıl Kavga Moskova—Washington Cephesinde”, Zaman, 21 Şubat 2005.
- DAVUTOĞLU, Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2001.
- DAWİSHA, Karen, “Moscow‘s Moves In The Direction Of The Gulf—So Near And Yet So Far”, fonrnal ofIntemationalAj'aire, Vol: 34, Fall SO/W’inter 81. DICKEY, Christopher, “Assad And His Allies: Irreconcilable Differences?”, Foreign AŞire, Vol: 66, Fall-87. _ ELMUAYETA, Salih Lafı, “Şam İçin Hâlâ Geç Değil”, Radikal 18 Mart 2005.
- EL—TAWİL, Hosam, “The United States and the Arab World After the Gulf Crisis”, Ed. Dan Tschirgi,Arah World Today, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.
- FETTWEIS, Christopher ]., “Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics and Policymaking in The 21 st Century”, Parametere: US Ann} War College Review, 00311723, Vol.30, Issuez2, Summer-2000. '
- FREEDMAN, Robert 0., Moscow and the Middle Eait —Sooiet Polity Since the Invasion of Ajfghanirtaw, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- FUKUYAMA, Francis, “Soviet Military Power in the Mddle East; or, Whatever Became of Power Projection?”, Ed. Steven L. Spiegel, Mark A. Heller and Jacob Goldberg, The Soviet-American Competition in The Middle Earl, USA: D.C Heath and Company, 1988.
- GAFUR, Mecid, HaŞz Brod Demme" Türkiyewfwye İli;kileri, Ankara: Yaymlanmamlş Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2002.
- GERGES, Fawaz A., The Superpower: and Middle Earl—Repiwıal ahd Iatematieaal Pah'iirr 1967, USA: Westview Press, 1994.
- GOLAN, Galia, “Gorbachev’s Middle East Strategy”, Ed. George W. Breslauer, Sooiet Strategy ia the Middle East, USA: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
- GUILE, Dany Shoham, “Gas and Germs: Syria's Ultimate Weapons”, Middle Bart ,Qiiorterji, Volume: IX, Number: 3, Summer 2002.
- HOWARD, Harry N., “The Soviet Union in Lebanon Syria and Jordan”, Ed..lvo J. LEDERER and Wayne S. VUCINICH, The Sai/ie Union and the Middle East,- the port- World War Hera, USA: Hoover Institution Press, 1974.
- JENTLESON, Bruce W., “The Lebanon War and the Soviet—American Competition: Scope and Limits of Superpower Influence”, Ed. Steven L. Spiegel, Mark A. Heller and Jacob Goldberg, The Sow'et—Ameriran Competition in The Middle Edit, USA: D.C Heath and Company, 1988.
- KAPLAN, Mervan, “Şam Hâlâ Kendini Kurtarabilir”, Radikal, 2 Mart 2005.
- KISSINGER, Henry, Yeari efRenewal, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999.
- LUCAS, Ivor, “The Pradox of Syria”, Adan Ajain, Volume: 25, Number: 1, March MANAZ, Abdullah, “Dünden Bugüne Suriye”. http: / /Www.stradigma.corn/turkee/kasim2003 /makale_05.html
- MCLAURIN, R.D., Don Peretz and Lewis W. Snider, Middle East Foreign Poh'gJ —T.F.fş8.f and Premıer-, USA: Praeger Publishers, 1982.
- NIEYER, Henry, “Syria, Russia to Restore Soviet-era Ties”, 25 Ocak 2005. http://www.middle—east—online.com/english/ syria/Pid=12517
- NAUIVEKIN, Vitaly, “Russia, the CIS and the Arab World After the Gulf Crisis”, Ed. Dan Tschirgi, Arah World Today, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.
- NEUIVLANN, Robert G., “Assad and the Future of the Middle East”, Foreign Aferin, Vol: 62, Winter83/84. OWENS, Mackubin Thomas, “In Defense of Classical Geopolitics”, Nam War College Remer/, Vol.52, Issue:4, Autumn—1999.
- PERETZ, Don, The Middle East Today, USA: Praeger Publishers, 1983.
- PERTHES, Volker, “Si Vis Stabilitatem, Para Bellurn: State Building, National Security and War Preparation in Syria”, Ed. Steven Heydemann, War, Institutions and Social Change if: the Middle Bart, California: University of California Press, 2000.
- PIPES, Daniel, “Syria: The Cuba of the Middle East?”, Cemre,/amma, july-1986: http: //www.danielpipes.org/article/170
- RAM, Ginat, “The Soviet Union and The Syrian Ba‘th Regime: From Hesitation to Rapprochement’ ’, Middle Harlem Studies, Vol: 36, April 2000.
- SANDER, Oral, 59m; Tm‘o (1913-1994), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2001.
- ŞEKER, Kadir, Surya Dey/ati’nin Orîqya Çz/eaşı ye Bugünki? Durumu, Isparta: Yayınlanma- mış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1996.
- ŞEN, Sabahattin, Sanığa Baa: Partiyi ve İdealajifi (Tarihi ve .S' 091a] Temel/len], İstanbul: Yayin— lanmamış Doktora Tezi, 1999.
- SHAD, Tahir I., Steven Boucher and Jennifer Gray Reddish, “Syrian Foreign Policy In The Post-Soviet Era”, Arab Smdı'eegnmîerğı, Vol. 17, \Winter/ Spring 95. “SyrianîSoviet Relations”. http: / / www.exploitz.com/ Syria-Syriansoviet—Relations— ' tıg-php TSCHIRGI, Dan, “The Arab World and the Rest of the World”, Ed. Dan Tschirgi, Arab World Today, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.
- VATIKIOTIS, P. ]., c'The Politics of the Fertile Crescent”, Ed. Paul Y. HAMİVIOND and Sidney S. ALEXANDER, Political Dynamite in the Middle Eger, Elsevier Publishers, New York, 1972.
- YAPP, M. E., The Near East Since The First World War —A Hiring; te 1995-, England:
- Pearson Education Limited, 1996.
- YAVUZ, Celalettin, Geçmişten Geleceğe Suny-Türkiye İlişkileri, Ankara: Ankara Ticaret Odası Yayınları, 2005.
- ZISSER, Eyal, “The Syrian Army: Between the Domestic and the External Fronts” , Middle Em Renew afIntemationalAjEJm MERM), Volume:5, No:1, March 2001. GAZETELER Akşam Radikal Zaman INTERNET ADRESLERİ http: / /WW\v.rniddle-east-on1ine.com/ english / syria/ ?id: 1 25 1 7 http: / /Www.exploitz.com/ Syria—Syriansoviet—Relations-cg.php http: / / lcweb2.loc.gov/ frd/ cs / sytoc.h'r_ml http'./ /WWW.danielpipes.org/article/ 170 http: / /countqrsmdies.us/ syria/68.htm