BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2012, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 1 - 12, 01.06.2012

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Arijs, Y., De Clercq, P. 2002. Artificial diets for the production of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of greenhouse pest insects. Final consolidated report, FAIR 6-project no. CT 98 4322. and in vivo-reared Exorista larvarum. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 120: 167-174.
  • Dougherty, EC. 1959. Introduction to axenic culture of invertebrate metazoa : a goal. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 77: 27-54.
  • Durmus, Y., Büyükgüzel, E., Terzi, B., Tunaz, H., Stanley D., Büyükgüzel, K. 2008. Eicosanoids mediate melanotic nodulation reactions to viral infection in larvae of the parasitic wasp, Pimpla turionellae. J. Insect Physiol., 54: 17-24.
  • El Arnaouty, SA., Galal, H., Bessat-Arnaouty, V., Ferran, A., Grenier, S. 2006. Influence of artificial diet supplements on developmental features of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co., 16: 29-32.
  • Fanti, P. 1990. Fattori ormonali inducenti la prima muta larvale del parassitoids Pseudogonia rufifrons Wied. (Diptera: Tachinidae) in substrati di crescita in vivo e in vitro. Boll. Ist. entomol. Univ. Bologna, 45: 47-59.
  • Ferkovich, SM., Shapiro, JP. 2004. Increased egg-laying in Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) fed artificial diet supplemented with an embryonic cell line. Biol. Control, 31: 11-15.
  • Gomes, SM., Grenier, S., Febvay, G., Guillaud, J., Parra, JRP. 2000. Development of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in artificial diet, focusing on protein utilization. Proceedings XXI- Intern. Congress Entomol. Iguaçu, Brazil, pp. 387.
  • Greany, P. 1986. In vitro culture of hymenopterous larval endoparasitoids. J. Insect Physiol., 32: 409-419.
  • Grenier, S. 1977. Effets nocifs de la nipagine M sur le parasitoïde Phryxe caudata [Dipt.: Tachinidae]. Entomophaga, 22: 23-26.
  • Grenier, S. 1980. Développement endoparasitaire et croissance pondérale larvaire du parasitoïde Lixophaga diatraeae (Dip. : Tachinidae) dans un hôte de substitution Galleria mellonella L. (Lep. : Pyralidae). Entomophaga, 25 : 17-26.
  • Grenier, S. 1986. Biologie et physiologie des relations hôtes- parasitoïdes chez 3 Tachinaires (Diptera, Tachinidae) d’intérêt agronomique. Développement en milieux artificiels. Lutte biologique. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat ès Sciences, Lyon, n° IDE 8604, pp. 156 + 61p d’illustrations.
  • Grenier, S. 1988. Developmental relationships between the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata and two host species - Hormonal implications, In: Boulétreau M., Bonnot G. [eds], Parasitoid Insects, European Workshop, Lyon.,1987, Les Colloques de l’INRA, 48, pp. 87-89.
  • Grenier, S. 1994. Rearing of Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids on artificial diet, In: Wajnberg E., Hassan SA. [eds], Biological control with egg parasitoids, CAB Intern. Pub., Chap. 4, pp. 73-92.
  • Grenier, S. 1997. Desenvolvimento e produção in vitro de Trichogramma, In: Parra JRP., Zucchi RA. [eds], Trichogramma e o controle Biologico Aplicado, FEALQ - FAPESP, pp. 235-258.
  • Grenier, S. 2000. Rearing in artificial conditions as a tool for physiological or behavioural studies of egg parasitoid insects. Proceedings XXI International Congress of Entomology, Iguaçu, Brazil: 389 (1541).
  • Biological and biochemical differences between in vitro
  • Grenier, S., Delobel, B. Bonnot, G. 1986. Physiological interactions between endoparasitic Insects and their hosts: Physiological considerations of importance to the success of in vitro culture: an overview. J. Insect. Physiol., 32: 403-408.
  • Grenier, S., Guillaud, J., Delobel, B., Bonnot, G. 1989. Nutrition et élevage du prédateur polyphage Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera, Miridae) sur milieux artificiels. Entomophaga, 34: 77- 86.
  • Grenier, S., Veith, V., Renou, M. 1993. Some factors stimulating the oviposition by the oophagous parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) in artificial host eggs. J. Appl. Entomol., 115: 66-76.
  • Grenier, S., Greany , P., Cohen, AC. 1994. Potential for mass release of insect parasitoids and predators through development of artificial culture techniques, In: Rosen D., Bennett FD., Capinera JL. [eds], Pest management in the subtropics: Biological control - a Florida perspective, Intercept. Pub., Chap.10, pp. 181- 205.
  • Grenier, S., Yang, H., Guillaud, J., Chapelle, L. 1995. Comparative development and biochemical analyses of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) grown in artificial media with hemolymph or devoid of insect components. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 111B: 83-90.
  • Grenier, S., Han, SC., Chapelle, L., Liu, WH., Guillaud, J. 1998a. In vitro development of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in long-term stored, freeze-dried artificial media. Biocontrol Sci. Techn., 8: 589-596.
  • Grenier, S., Pintureau, B., Heddi, A., Lassablière, F., Jager, C., Louis, C., Khatchadourian, C. 1998b. Successful horizontal transfer of Wolbachia symbionts between Trichogramma wasps. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265(1404): 1441-1445.
  • Grenier, S., Gomes, SM., Pintureau, B., Lassablière, F., Bolland, P. 2002. Use of tetracycline in larval diet to study the effect of Wolbachia on host fecundity and clarify taxonomic status of Trichogramma species in cured bisexual lines. J. Invert. Pathol., 80: 13-21.
  • Grenier, S., Gomes S., Febvay, G., Bolland, P., Parra, JRP. 2005. Artificial diet for rearing Trichogramma wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with emphasis on protein utilisation. Proceedings of International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, M.S. Hoddle Compiler, 481-487.
  • Han, SC., Chen, QX., Li, LY. 1994. A study of the oviposition synergists for in vitro rearing Trichogramma spp. Entomol. Sinica, 1: 333-338.
  • Herting, B. 1960. Biologie der westpalaärktischen Raupen fliegen Dipt., Tachinidae, Paul Parey, pp.188.
  • Lawrence, PO. 1986. Host parasite hormonal interactions : an overview. J. Insect Physiol., 32: 295-298.
  • Li, LY. 1986. Mass production of natural enemies (parasites and predators) of insect pests. Natural Enemies of Insects, 8: 52-62.
  • Li, LY., Liu, WH., Chen, CS., Han, SC., Shin, JC., Du, HS., Feng, SY. 1988. In vitro rearing of Trichogramma spp. and 535-538. 11
  • Ramadhane, A., Grenier, S., Plantevin, G. 1987. Physiological interactions and development synchronisations between non-diapausing, Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 45: 157-165.
  • Ramadhane, A., Grenier, S., Plantevin, G. 1988. Photoperiod, temperature and ecdysteroid influences on physiological interactions between diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the Tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata. Ent. Exp. Appl., 48: 275 - 282.
  • Sighinolfi, L., Febvay, G., Dindo, ML., Rey, M., Pageaux, JF., Baronio, P., Grenier, S., 2008. Biological and biochemical characteristics for quality control of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) reared on liver-based diet. Archiv. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 68: 26-39.
  • Specty, O., Febvay, G., Grenier, S., Delobel, B., Piotte, C., Pageaux, JF., Ferran, A., Guillaud, J. 2003. Nutritional plasticity of the predatory ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae): Comparison between natural and substitution prey. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 52: 81-91.
  • Stireman, JO., O’Hara, JE., Wood, DM., 2006. Tachinidae: Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 51: 525-555.
  • Thompson, SN. 1976. The amino acid requirements for larval development of the hymenopterous parasitoid Exeristes roborator Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 53: 211-213.
  • Thompson, SN. 1977. Lipid nutrition during larval development of the parasitic wasp, Exeristes. J. Insect Physiol., 23: 279-283.
  • Thompson, SN. 1980. Artificial culture techniques for rearing larvae of the chalcidoid parasite, Brachymeria intermedia. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 27, 133-143.
  • Thompson, SN. 1982. Characterization of the phospholipids in the insect parasite, Exeristes roborator (Fabricius) and the effects of dietary glucose on their distribution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 71: 127-131.
  • Thompson, SN. 1986. The metabolism of insect parasites (parasitoids): an overview. J. Insect Physiol., 32: 421-423.
  • Thompson, SN. 1990a. Nutritional considerations in propagation of entomophagous species, In: Baker R., Dunn P. [eds], New directions in Biological Control. UCLA symposium on molecular and cellular biology, NewYork, Alan R. Liss. 112, pp. 389-404.
  • Thompson, SN. 1990b. NMR spectroscopy: its basis, biological application and use in studies of insect metabolism. Mini- review. Insect Biochem., 20: 223-237.
  • Thompson, SN. 1999. Nutrition and culture of entomophagous insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 44: 561-592.
  • Thompson, SN., Barlow, JS. 1972. Influence of host fatty acid composition on that of ichneumonoid and chalcidoid wasps. J. Parasitology, 58: 836-839.
  • Thompson, SN., Hagen KS. 1999. Nutrition of entomophagous insects and other arthropods, In: Bellows TS., Fisher TW.
  • Biological Control Agents, Beijing, China, p.36.
  • Yazgan, S. 1981. A meridic diet and quantitative effects of Tween 80, fatty acid mixtures and inorganic salts on development and survival of the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. Z. Angew. Entomol., 91: 433-441.
  • Yazlovetsky, IG. 1992. Development of artificial diets for entomophagous insects by understanding their nutrition and digestion, In: Anderson TE., Leppla NC. [eds], Advances in Insect Rearing for Research & Pest Management, Westview Press, pp. 41-62.
  • Zapata, R., Specty, O., Grenier, S., Febvay, G., Pageaux, J.F., Delobel, B., Castane, C. 2005. Carcass analysis allowing to improve a meat-based diet for the artificial rearing of the predatory mirid bug Dicyphus tamaninii. Archiv. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 60: 84-92.
  • Zhong, LS., Zhang, JL. 1989. Influence of diet pH to the development and the efficacy of reproduction of Trichogramma confusum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) in artificial rearing. Chinese J. Biol. Control, 5: 101-103.
  • Yazgan, S. 1972. A chemically defined synthetic diet and larval nutritional requirements of the endoparasitoid Itoplectis conquisitor (Hymenoptera). J. Insect Physiol., 18: 2123-2141.

Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 1 - 12, 01.06.2012

Öz

The disposability of high numbers of entomophagous insects for their use in biological control strategies is an old objective carried on, between others, by the rearing in different kinds of artificial diets. The definition and the perfecting of these diets are at first based on nutritional studies. Food or carcass analyses, nutritional balance studies, and deletion/supplementation methods allow to evaluate the different nutritional needs. Nitrogen sources are the most critical needs especially with fast growing entomophagous insects. Lipids and carbohydrates mainly constitute energy sources with storage possibility. Other nutrients such as salts and vitamins are also needed, and sometimes some specific polyunsaturated fatty acids. There are other important physiological requirements, concerning the digestion process, the respiration, or the hormonal balances. Physico-chemical factors such as Osmotic Pressure and pH often show critical values for the normal development, mostly of endoparasitoid insects. For egg parasitoids and predators, the presentation of the food is of prime importance for a normal food intake, and finally for the success of the rearing. Sterilization of the diet or incorporation of preservative agents is often necessary for preventing bacterial or fungal contaminations. Many successes were obtained for artificial rearing of entomophagous insects, but ultimate efforts are still needed for crucial improvements and supports that may lead to the extension of the use of this biological control strategy.

Kaynakça

  • Arijs, Y., De Clercq, P. 2002. Artificial diets for the production of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of greenhouse pest insects. Final consolidated report, FAIR 6-project no. CT 98 4322. and in vivo-reared Exorista larvarum. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 120: 167-174.
  • Dougherty, EC. 1959. Introduction to axenic culture of invertebrate metazoa : a goal. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 77: 27-54.
  • Durmus, Y., Büyükgüzel, E., Terzi, B., Tunaz, H., Stanley D., Büyükgüzel, K. 2008. Eicosanoids mediate melanotic nodulation reactions to viral infection in larvae of the parasitic wasp, Pimpla turionellae. J. Insect Physiol., 54: 17-24.
  • El Arnaouty, SA., Galal, H., Bessat-Arnaouty, V., Ferran, A., Grenier, S. 2006. Influence of artificial diet supplements on developmental features of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Co., 16: 29-32.
  • Fanti, P. 1990. Fattori ormonali inducenti la prima muta larvale del parassitoids Pseudogonia rufifrons Wied. (Diptera: Tachinidae) in substrati di crescita in vivo e in vitro. Boll. Ist. entomol. Univ. Bologna, 45: 47-59.
  • Ferkovich, SM., Shapiro, JP. 2004. Increased egg-laying in Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) fed artificial diet supplemented with an embryonic cell line. Biol. Control, 31: 11-15.
  • Gomes, SM., Grenier, S., Febvay, G., Guillaud, J., Parra, JRP. 2000. Development of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in artificial diet, focusing on protein utilization. Proceedings XXI- Intern. Congress Entomol. Iguaçu, Brazil, pp. 387.
  • Greany, P. 1986. In vitro culture of hymenopterous larval endoparasitoids. J. Insect Physiol., 32: 409-419.
  • Grenier, S. 1977. Effets nocifs de la nipagine M sur le parasitoïde Phryxe caudata [Dipt.: Tachinidae]. Entomophaga, 22: 23-26.
  • Grenier, S. 1980. Développement endoparasitaire et croissance pondérale larvaire du parasitoïde Lixophaga diatraeae (Dip. : Tachinidae) dans un hôte de substitution Galleria mellonella L. (Lep. : Pyralidae). Entomophaga, 25 : 17-26.
  • Grenier, S. 1986. Biologie et physiologie des relations hôtes- parasitoïdes chez 3 Tachinaires (Diptera, Tachinidae) d’intérêt agronomique. Développement en milieux artificiels. Lutte biologique. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat ès Sciences, Lyon, n° IDE 8604, pp. 156 + 61p d’illustrations.
  • Grenier, S. 1988. Developmental relationships between the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata and two host species - Hormonal implications, In: Boulétreau M., Bonnot G. [eds], Parasitoid Insects, European Workshop, Lyon.,1987, Les Colloques de l’INRA, 48, pp. 87-89.
  • Grenier, S. 1994. Rearing of Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids on artificial diet, In: Wajnberg E., Hassan SA. [eds], Biological control with egg parasitoids, CAB Intern. Pub., Chap. 4, pp. 73-92.
  • Grenier, S. 1997. Desenvolvimento e produção in vitro de Trichogramma, In: Parra JRP., Zucchi RA. [eds], Trichogramma e o controle Biologico Aplicado, FEALQ - FAPESP, pp. 235-258.
  • Grenier, S. 2000. Rearing in artificial conditions as a tool for physiological or behavioural studies of egg parasitoid insects. Proceedings XXI International Congress of Entomology, Iguaçu, Brazil: 389 (1541).
  • Biological and biochemical differences between in vitro
  • Grenier, S., Delobel, B. Bonnot, G. 1986. Physiological interactions between endoparasitic Insects and their hosts: Physiological considerations of importance to the success of in vitro culture: an overview. J. Insect. Physiol., 32: 403-408.
  • Grenier, S., Guillaud, J., Delobel, B., Bonnot, G. 1989. Nutrition et élevage du prédateur polyphage Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera, Miridae) sur milieux artificiels. Entomophaga, 34: 77- 86.
  • Grenier, S., Veith, V., Renou, M. 1993. Some factors stimulating the oviposition by the oophagous parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) in artificial host eggs. J. Appl. Entomol., 115: 66-76.
  • Grenier, S., Greany , P., Cohen, AC. 1994. Potential for mass release of insect parasitoids and predators through development of artificial culture techniques, In: Rosen D., Bennett FD., Capinera JL. [eds], Pest management in the subtropics: Biological control - a Florida perspective, Intercept. Pub., Chap.10, pp. 181- 205.
  • Grenier, S., Yang, H., Guillaud, J., Chapelle, L. 1995. Comparative development and biochemical analyses of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) grown in artificial media with hemolymph or devoid of insect components. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 111B: 83-90.
  • Grenier, S., Han, SC., Chapelle, L., Liu, WH., Guillaud, J. 1998a. In vitro development of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in long-term stored, freeze-dried artificial media. Biocontrol Sci. Techn., 8: 589-596.
  • Grenier, S., Pintureau, B., Heddi, A., Lassablière, F., Jager, C., Louis, C., Khatchadourian, C. 1998b. Successful horizontal transfer of Wolbachia symbionts between Trichogramma wasps. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265(1404): 1441-1445.
  • Grenier, S., Gomes, SM., Pintureau, B., Lassablière, F., Bolland, P. 2002. Use of tetracycline in larval diet to study the effect of Wolbachia on host fecundity and clarify taxonomic status of Trichogramma species in cured bisexual lines. J. Invert. Pathol., 80: 13-21.
  • Grenier, S., Gomes S., Febvay, G., Bolland, P., Parra, JRP. 2005. Artificial diet for rearing Trichogramma wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with emphasis on protein utilisation. Proceedings of International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, M.S. Hoddle Compiler, 481-487.
  • Han, SC., Chen, QX., Li, LY. 1994. A study of the oviposition synergists for in vitro rearing Trichogramma spp. Entomol. Sinica, 1: 333-338.
  • Herting, B. 1960. Biologie der westpalaärktischen Raupen fliegen Dipt., Tachinidae, Paul Parey, pp.188.
  • Lawrence, PO. 1986. Host parasite hormonal interactions : an overview. J. Insect Physiol., 32: 295-298.
  • Li, LY. 1986. Mass production of natural enemies (parasites and predators) of insect pests. Natural Enemies of Insects, 8: 52-62.
  • Li, LY., Liu, WH., Chen, CS., Han, SC., Shin, JC., Du, HS., Feng, SY. 1988. In vitro rearing of Trichogramma spp. and 535-538. 11
  • Ramadhane, A., Grenier, S., Plantevin, G. 1987. Physiological interactions and development synchronisations between non-diapausing, Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 45: 157-165.
  • Ramadhane, A., Grenier, S., Plantevin, G. 1988. Photoperiod, temperature and ecdysteroid influences on physiological interactions between diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the Tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata. Ent. Exp. Appl., 48: 275 - 282.
  • Sighinolfi, L., Febvay, G., Dindo, ML., Rey, M., Pageaux, JF., Baronio, P., Grenier, S., 2008. Biological and biochemical characteristics for quality control of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) reared on liver-based diet. Archiv. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 68: 26-39.
  • Specty, O., Febvay, G., Grenier, S., Delobel, B., Piotte, C., Pageaux, JF., Ferran, A., Guillaud, J. 2003. Nutritional plasticity of the predatory ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae): Comparison between natural and substitution prey. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 52: 81-91.
  • Stireman, JO., O’Hara, JE., Wood, DM., 2006. Tachinidae: Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 51: 525-555.
  • Thompson, SN. 1976. The amino acid requirements for larval development of the hymenopterous parasitoid Exeristes roborator Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 53: 211-213.
  • Thompson, SN. 1977. Lipid nutrition during larval development of the parasitic wasp, Exeristes. J. Insect Physiol., 23: 279-283.
  • Thompson, SN. 1980. Artificial culture techniques for rearing larvae of the chalcidoid parasite, Brachymeria intermedia. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 27, 133-143.
  • Thompson, SN. 1982. Characterization of the phospholipids in the insect parasite, Exeristes roborator (Fabricius) and the effects of dietary glucose on their distribution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 71: 127-131.
  • Thompson, SN. 1986. The metabolism of insect parasites (parasitoids): an overview. J. Insect Physiol., 32: 421-423.
  • Thompson, SN. 1990a. Nutritional considerations in propagation of entomophagous species, In: Baker R., Dunn P. [eds], New directions in Biological Control. UCLA symposium on molecular and cellular biology, NewYork, Alan R. Liss. 112, pp. 389-404.
  • Thompson, SN. 1990b. NMR spectroscopy: its basis, biological application and use in studies of insect metabolism. Mini- review. Insect Biochem., 20: 223-237.
  • Thompson, SN. 1999. Nutrition and culture of entomophagous insects. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 44: 561-592.
  • Thompson, SN., Barlow, JS. 1972. Influence of host fatty acid composition on that of ichneumonoid and chalcidoid wasps. J. Parasitology, 58: 836-839.
  • Thompson, SN., Hagen KS. 1999. Nutrition of entomophagous insects and other arthropods, In: Bellows TS., Fisher TW.
  • Biological Control Agents, Beijing, China, p.36.
  • Yazgan, S. 1981. A meridic diet and quantitative effects of Tween 80, fatty acid mixtures and inorganic salts on development and survival of the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. Z. Angew. Entomol., 91: 433-441.
  • Yazlovetsky, IG. 1992. Development of artificial diets for entomophagous insects by understanding their nutrition and digestion, In: Anderson TE., Leppla NC. [eds], Advances in Insect Rearing for Research & Pest Management, Westview Press, pp. 41-62.
  • Zapata, R., Specty, O., Grenier, S., Febvay, G., Pageaux, J.F., Delobel, B., Castane, C. 2005. Carcass analysis allowing to improve a meat-based diet for the artificial rearing of the predatory mirid bug Dicyphus tamaninii. Archiv. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 60: 84-92.
  • Zhong, LS., Zhang, JL. 1989. Influence of diet pH to the development and the efficacy of reproduction of Trichogramma confusum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) in artificial rearing. Chinese J. Biol. Control, 5: 101-103.
  • Yazgan, S. 1972. A chemically defined synthetic diet and larval nutritional requirements of the endoparasitoid Itoplectis conquisitor (Hymenoptera). J. Insect Physiol., 18: 2123-2141.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Simon Grenier Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Grenier, S. (2012). Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience. Karaelmas Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(2), 1-12.
AMA Grenier S. Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. Haziran 2012;2(2):1-12.
Chicago Grenier, Simon. “Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, With Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience”. Karaelmas Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi 2, sy. 2 (Haziran 2012): 1-12.
EndNote Grenier S (01 Haziran 2012) Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 2 2 1–12.
IEEE S. Grenier, “Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience”, Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 2, ss. 1–12, 2012.
ISNAD Grenier, Simon. “Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, With Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience”. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 2/2 (Haziran 2012), 1-12.
JAMA Grenier S. Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2012;2:1–12.
MLA Grenier, Simon. “Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, With Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience”. Karaelmas Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 2, 2012, ss. 1-12.
Vancouver Grenier S. Artificial Rearing of Entomophagous Insects, with Emphasis on Nutrition and Parasitoids - General Outlines from Personal Experience. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. 2012;2(2):1-12.